Anatomy + Neuroanatomy

what vessels are in charge of anterior circulation to the brain?

both internal carotid arteries

what do the internal carotid arteries supply in the brain?

anterior, superior and lateral cerebral hemispheres

what vessels are in charge of posterior circulation to the brain?

both vertebral arteries

what do the vertebral arteries supply in the brain?

brainstem

cerebellum

occipital and inferior lobes in cerebrum

what arteries supply the entire cerebrum?

internal carotid and posterior cerebral arteries

what artery in the brain is most responsible for strokes?

middle cerebral artery

what blood vessel, if occluded, can cause comas?

basilar artery

what do the anterior and posterior choroidal arteries supply?

Choroid plexus in the lateral ventricle

visual pathway

BG

thalamus

internal capsule

hippocampus

what does the vertebral artery split into?

anterior and posterior spinal arteries

posterior inferior cerebellar artery

what do the anterior and posterior spinal arteries supply?

spinal cord and medulla

what does the posterior inferior cerebellar artery supply?

medulla and cerebellum

what does the basilar artery break into?

anterior inferiori cerebellar artery

superior cerebellar artery

posterior cerebral artery

posterior choroidal artery

what does the anterior inferior cerebellar and superior cerebellar arteries supply?

pons and cerebellum

what does the posterior cerebral artery supply?

midbrain

occipital

inferomedial temporal lobe

what does the posterior choroidal artery supply?

choroid plexus of 3rd ventricle, thalamus and hypothalamus

what does the internal carotid split into?

anterior choroidal

anterior cerebral

middle cerebral

what does the anterior choroidal artery supply?

Choroid plexus in lateral ventricle

optic tract and radiation

parts of BG

thalamus

internal capsule

hippocampus

what does the anterior cerebral artery supply?

medial frontal and parietal lobes

what does the middle cerebral artery supply?

most of the lateral hemisphere, parts of internal capsule and BG

what is the order of meninges in the brain and spinal cord from most superficial to deep?

dura mater

arachnoid mater

pia mater

where is the epidural space?

between the skull and dura

where is the subdural space?

between the dura and arachnoid mater

potential space for brain and spinal cord

what does a subdural hematoma look like?

like a crescent or banana

what does an epidural hematoma look like?

like a lemon

what is the order of CSF flow from choroid plexus to spinal cord?

choroid plexus

lateral ventricles

3rd ventricle

cerebral aqueduct

4th ventrical

central canal of spinal cord

what is the other path CSF can take after leaving the 4th ventricle?

can go to medial and lateral apertures to subarachnoid space

arachnoid granulations

superior sagittal sinus

internal jugular vein

how does CSF get from the lateral ventricles to the 3rd?

through the interventricular foramen

where is CSF produced?

in all 4 ventricles via the choroid plexus

what vessel does CSF dump into?

internal jugular vein

what does the middle meninge supply?

dura mater

where is CSF located?

subarachnoid fluid

What is the function of the frontal lobe?

conscious thoughts

personality

intelligence

judgement

what important structures are located within the frontal lobe?

precentral gyrus - primary motor cortex

premotor cortex

broca's area

what is the function of broca's area?

motor speech area

'broken but logical'

what is the function of wernicke's area?

language comprehension

'word salad - fluid but lack of language flow'

What are the important structures located in the parietal lobe?

post central gyrus - primary somatosensory cortex

somatosensory association area

what is the function of the parietal lobe?

general sensory input and interpretation

what are the important structures located in the occipital lobe?

primary visual cortex

visual association area

what occurs when there is damage to the primary visual cortex?

vision loss or blurry vision

what are the important structures located in the temporal lobe?

primary auditory cortex

auditory association area

primary olfactory cortex

what is the primary function of the temporal lobe?

auditory processing and smell

what structure is located in the insula?

primary gustatory cortex

what are the main vessels that supply the cerebrum?

internal carotid and PCA

what is the function of the hippocampus?

learning and memory

what is the function of thalamus?

sensory relay station

(fun fact: smell is the only sense that bypasses)

what is the function of the hypothalamus?

homeostasis

hormones

hunger and thirst

what is the function of the pineal gland?

secretes melatonin for sleep wake cycles

what is the function of the pons?

connects the cerebellum to cerebrum

equilibrium

balance

motor control

respiratory control

what is the function of the medulla oblongata?

CV and respiratory center

reflexes: swallow, vomit, sneeze, cough, hiccup

proprioception

crossing of motor neurons

what spinal tracts originate in the cortex?

lateral corticospinal tract

medial corticospinal tract

corticoreticular tract

corticobulbular

what spinal tracts originate in the brainstem?

lateral + medial reticulospinal tract

tectospinal tract

lateral + medial vestibulospinal tract

rubospinal tract

what is the function of the lateral corticospinal tract?

execute contralateral body/limb voluntary fractioned movements

what is the function of the medial corticospinal tract?

execute ipsilateral voluntary fractioned movements in axial and proximal muscles of UE

what is the function of the corticoreticular tract?

walking ability - allows for actions performed without reflexes

what is the function of the lateral reticulospinal tract?

postural maintenance - facilitates flexors and inhibits extensors

what is the function of the medial reticulospinal tract?

postural maintenance - facilitates extensors and inhibits flexors

what is the function of the tectospinal tract?

reflexive head turning in response to visual and auditory stimuli

reflexive eye movement

-- facilitates extensors inhibits flexors

what is the function of the lateral vestibulospinal tract?

maintenance of upright posture

what is the function of the medial vestibulospinal tract?

head position and movements

voluntary muscle control

what are similar characteristics of the DCML and spinothalamic tract?

3 neuro relay pathway

somatotopically organized

3rd order neuron project from thalamus to primary sensory cortex

where does the 2nd order neuron of the DCML cross the midline?

medulla

what is the characteristic of the DCML tract?

large, more myelinated fast fibers

how do you test the integrity of DCML?

soft touch

where do the 2nd order neurons cross midline in the spinothalamic tract?

spinal cord

what is a characteristic of the spinothalamic tract?

smaller, less myelinated fibers -- slower

how do you test the integrity of the spinothalamic tract?

pinprick

what is the location of the lumbar plexus?

within the psoas major

what does the lumbar plexus innervates?

lower limbs and some abdominal muscles

what is the nerve root of the iliohypogastric nerve?

L1

what is the nerve root of ilioinguinal nerve?

L1

what is the nerve root of the genitofemoral nerve?

L1-L2

what is the nerve root of lateral femoral cutaneous nerve?

L2-L3

what is the nerve root of the femoral nerve?

L2-L4

what is the nerve root of the obturator nerve?

L2-L4

what is the nerve root of the lumbosacral trunk?

L4-L5

what CN originate from the cerebrum?

olfactory and optic

what CN originate from the midbrain?

oculomotor and trochlear

what CN originate from the pons?

trigeminal

abducens

facial

vestibulocochlear

what CN originate from the medulla oblongata?

glossopharyngeal

vagus

spinal accessory

hypoglossal

what is the definition of the peripheral nerve distribution?

area of skin innervated by a single nerve

what is the definition of a dermatome?

area of skin innervated by axons in a single spinal dorsal root

what is the function of type II muscle spindle?

responds to sustained stretch

what is the function of type Ia muscle spindle?

respond to the change in rate of stretch?

what is the primary muscle spindle of DTR?

type Ia

what is the function of the golgi tendon organ?

responds to pressure and tension exerted by both active and passive stretch of the muscle

what occurs with stimulation of the GTO?

causes muscle to relax

what is the function of Ruffini's endings?

signals extremes of joint ranges

what is the function of Paciniform corpuscles?

respond to movement and are silent when joint position is constant

what is the function of free nerve endings?

stimulated by inflammation

what is the function of Merkel cells?

sensory receptor for touch and pressure

what is the function of meissner corpuscles?

vibration, rapid, flutter

What is the function of the parasympathetic NS?

decrease HR

vasodilation

bronchoconstriction

increased smooth muscle activation

increase salivation

pupillary constriction

what is the location of the parasympathetic NS?

craniosacral

what is the function of the sympathetic NS?

increase HR

vasoconstriction

bronchodilation

decreased smooth muscle activation

decrease salivation

pupillary dilation

what is the location of the sympathetic NS?

thoracolumbar

what is the main function of the cardiovascular system?

O2 transportation

drain of CO2

maintain homeostasis

immune defense

what are the branches of the Rt Coronary A?

Posterior Interventricular A

AV nodal A

Rt Marginal

SA Nodal A

what does the posterior interventricular artery supply?

posterior wall of both ventricles

posterior 1/3 of the interventricular septum

what does the Rt marginal artery supply?

Rt ventricle

What vessel drains the posterior wall of the ventricles and posterior 1/3 of the IV septum?

middle cardiac vein