AP world unit 14.2 Islam

Sufi

effective Islamic missionaries and mystics who worked to deepen spiritual awareness through their piety and devotion

Qadis

judges who set moral standards and resolved disputes in local communities

Umayyad Dynasty

A group of prominent Meccan merchant clans whose seized power after the assassination of Ali whose rule favored Arab-Muslims

Abu Bakr

one of Muhammad’s closet friends, he was chosen to serve as Islam’s head of state, judge, and military leader after the death of the prophet

Ibh Rushd

A Muslim philosopher tried to adapt the teachings of the Greek philosopher Aristotle to Islamic thought

Sakk

letters of credit established during the Abbasid Dynasty that helped to stimulate trade for the Islamic economy

Abbasid Dynasty

an islamic group, founded by Abu al Abbas that rejected favor to Arab Muslims by annihilating clans of the previous rulers and welcoming non-Arab Muslims to positions of wealth and power

Caliph

essentially lieutenants or substitutes who led the umma in the years after the death of Muhammad(“deputy”)

Rubaiyat

One of Islam‘s great literary works of poetic verse produced by Omar Khayyam

Harun al Rashid

caliph during the highest point of the Abbasid dynasty

Jizya

special “head-tax” levied on primarily monotheistic Christians and Jews who refused to convert to Islam

Shia

The minority sect within Islam that believed leadership should pass to a line descended from Muhammad and Ali divinely appointed to rule Islam

Sharia

islamic holy law, offering detailed guidance on proper behavior in almost every aspect of life

Madrasas

formal Institute of higher learning and education that began to be established in the 10th century to promote Islamic values

Sunni

traditionally, the majority sect within Islam that believed that any Muslim who followed Muhammad’s example may lead

Al-andalus

islamic Spain, established by Muslim Berbers conquerors on the Iberian peninsula

Ulama

pious scholars with great “religious knowledge” who sought to develop public policy in accordance with Quran and Sharia under the Abbasids