CRIM1001 Final Exam

rehabilitation

the rebirth of deterrence was largely due to scientific reviews showing that _______________ had virtually no impact in reducing recidivism among offenders

a. retribution

b. rehabilitation

c. incapacitation

d. restitution

cross sectional

______ studies refer to a form of research design in which a collection of data is taken at one point in time, often in survey format

a. cross sectional

b. scenario/vignette

c. aggregate

d. longitudinal

any felony

Under the three strikes policy, which of the following felony crimes triggered the life sentence?

a. murder

b. any felony

c. burglary

d. rape

true

t/f: scenario/vignette research is valuable in that it promotes a contemporaneous response regarding perceptions of the risk and severity of possible sanctions

false

t/f: The most important finding of routine activities research was that the expected benefits, particularly the pleasure gained from offending, was one of the most insignificant influences in decisions to offend

true

t/f: The majority of studies have found that the three strikes policy either had no effect on crime or actually increased crime

rational choice

Which of the following theories emphasizes all important factors that go into a person's decision to engage, or not engage, in a particular act?

a. rational choice

b. strain

c. routine activities

d. social disorganization

broken windows

The ______ perspective emphasizes the need for police to crack down on minor offenses to reduce major crimes

a. rational choice

b. broken windows

c. routine activities

d. lifestyle

employment

Which of the following is an example of an informal deterrent factor?

a. employment

b. corrections

c. courts

d. law enforcement

christopher (college student)

According to the lifestyles theory, who is more likely to be victimized?

a. fred, 34 year old lawyer who spends majority of his time at work

b. christopher, 21 year old college student who frequents bars

c. susan, elderly woman living in nursing home

d. connie, 41 year old stay at home mom

longitudinal

Studies that take certain measures over two or more time periods are referred to as ______

a. vignettes

b. cross-sectional

c. longitudinal

d. aggregate

aggregate studies

collection of studies, generally on a particular topic, are referred to as ____________

a. aggregate studies

b. scenario/vignette studies

c. cross-sectional studies

d. longitudinal studies

deterrence

The rational choice model of criminal offending became the model for ______

a. retribution

b. deterrence

c. incapacitation

d. rehabilitation

true

t/f: The United States has retained the classical/neoclassical framework of their models of justice

false

t/f: The routine activities theory is considered to be a form of the positivist school framework

deterrence

For ______ to be the most effective, punishment must be swift, certain, and severe

a. retribution

b. rehabilitation

c. incapacitation

d. deterrence

a house in the suburbs left vacant over the summer

Which of the following is an example of a "suitable target"?

a. a woman and her husband at an amusement park

b. a family walking through a grocery store

c. a male shopper at a large department store

d. a house in the suburbs left vacant over the summer

bars

Which of the following types of places are considered "hot spots" for crime?

a. bars

b. hospital

c. schools

d. department stores

economics

The rational choice theory is a perspective that criminologists adapted from ______

a. philosophers

b. economics

c. mathematicians

d. sociologists

all of these

which of the following could be considered guardians?

a. on duty police officer

b. household dog

c. house alarm

d. all of these

phrenology

The science of determining human dispositions based on distinctions in the skull is referred to as ______

a. phrenology

b. craniometry

c. physiognomy

d. eugenics

lazy

viscerotonic people tend to be _______

a. introverted

b. shy

c. risk taking

d. lazy

atavism

The belief that certain characteristics or behaviors of a person are throwbacks to an earlier stage of evolutionary development is referred to as ______

a. determinism

b. atavism

c. eugenics

d. stigmata

physiognomy

The study of facial and other bodily aspects to identify developmental problems, such as criminality is referred to as ______

a. craniometry

b. physiognomy

c. phrenology

d. eugenics

cesare lombroso

Which of the following theorists created what is widely considered the first attempt at scientific theory in criminological thought?

a. cesare lombroso

b. cesare beccaria

c. edwin sutherland

d. darwin

endoderm

______ is the inner layer of tissues and includes the internal organs, such as the stomach, large intestine, and small intestine

a. epidermis

b. mesoderm

c. endoderm

d. ectoderm

determinism

The idea that most human behavior is determined by factors beyond free will and free choice is referred to as ______

a. hedonism

b. determinism

c. darwinism

d. atavism

craniometry

______ is the belief that the size of the brain or skull represents the superiority or inferiority of certain individuals or ethnic/racial groups

a. craniometry

b. physiognomy

c. phrenology

d. eugenics

feeble-mindedness

______ is a technical/scientific term used in the early 1900s, meaning those who had significantly below-average levels of intelligence

a. feeble-mindedness

b. somatotyping

c. atavistic

d. stigmata

eugenics

The study of and policies related to the improvement of the human race via control over selective reproduction is referred to as ______

a. determinism

b. eugenics

c. atavism

d. positivism

zinc

Some studies have found that dietary deficiencies in ______ are significantly related to criminality

a. zinc

b. folic acid

c. calcium

d. biotin

frontal lobe

Most of the executive functions of the brain, such as problem-solving take place in the ______

a. temporal lobe

b. parietal lobe

c. frontal lobe

d. occipital lobe

lead

Studies have found that high levels of certain toxins, such as ______ can have a profound effect on behavior, including criminality

a. fluoride

b. parabens

c. lead

d. asbestos

phenotype

The observed manifestation of the interaction of genotypical traits with the environmental, such as height, is referred to as ______

a. genotype

b. phenotype

c. alleles

d. traits

mother/father's

Goddard's family studies showed that criminality in the ______ had a much stronger influence on future criminality of the children than did the ______ criminality

a. father/mother's

b. grandfather/father's

c. mother/father's

d. grandmother/mother's

serotonin

______ is important in virtually all information processing, whether it be learning, emotional processing, and the like

a. histamine

b. norepinephrine

c. serotonin

d. dopamine

temporal

The region of the brain that governs our emotional and memory functions is referred to as the ______

a. parietal lobe

b. occipital lobe

c. frontal lobe

d. temporal lobe

maternal/infant

Which of the following types of care is emphasized as being a cost-effective way for any society to reduce future criminality?

a. maternal/infant

b. adult

c. elderly

d. paternal/infant

dopamine

Which of the following neurotransmitters is commonly linked to feeling good?

a. serotonin

b. dopamine

c. norepinephrine

d. histamine

enhanced seeking of sensory stimulation

High levels of testosterone tend to result in which of the following consequences?

a. increased sensitivity to pain

b. higher levels of verbal reasoning and empathy

c. lower levels of spatial aptitude

d. enhanced seeking of sensory stimulation

impersonal

Individuals considered to have high psychoticism are associated with being ______

a. impersonal

b. carefree

c. depressed

d. assertive

id

The subconscious domain of the psyche that is responsible for our innate desires and drives is known as the ______

a. libido

b. superego

c. ego

d. id

interpersonal charm

Which of the following characteristics appears to be ostensibly adaptive or at least nonpathological?

a. irresponsibility

b. interpersonal charm

c. failure to learn from experience

d. lack of conscience

biological makeup

Which of the following is considered to be the most controversial aspect of Wilson and Herrnstein's theoretical perspective?

a. family relationships

b. social environment

c. biological makeup

d. education level

irresistible impulse test

With the ______, offenders can claim that, due to a mental disease, they were unable to control their behavior

a. substantial capacity test

b. Durham rule

c. M'Naghten rule

d. irresistible impulse test

substantial capacity test

Due to the vague and contradictory rules about insanity, a number of states adopted the ______

a. substantial capacity test

b. Durham rule

c. M'Naghten rule

d. irresistible impulse test

true

Secondary prevention focuses on intervening for individuals who demonstrate a tendency toward criminal behavior

a. true

b. false

sensation-seeking

______ is a trait associated with extroversion

a. sensation seeking

b. antisocial

c. cold

d. tension

false

For offenders with mental health problems, tertiary prevention programs may involve incarceration

a. true

b. false

tertiary

______ prevention deals with eliminating recidivistic behavior of offenders

a. quaternary

b. secondary

c. tertiary

d. primary

true

Goddard maintained that intelligence or IQ was static or innate, thus an individual's IQ could not change

a. true

b. false

sociopath

______ refers specifically to antisocial personalities attributed to social or familial dysfunction

a. sociopath

b. narcists

c. schizophrenic

d. psychopath

true

The ego is the only conscious domain of the psyche, according to Freud

a. true

b. false

Durham rule

According to the ______, offenders are not criminally responsible, even if they are aware of their conduct if this behavior was the "product of mental disease or defect

a. durham rule

b. substantial capacity test

c. M'Naghten rule

d. irresistible impulse test

punishment and obedience orientation

Stage 1 of the preconventional level of morality is characterized as a ______

a. moral relativity

b. punishment and obedience orientation

c. normal adult approaches used to maintain family and social order

d. social contract perspective of morality

insanity

______ is the idea of excusing offenders for their criminal actions due to a mental disease

a. necessity

b. self-defense

c. duress

d. insanity

organization

Which of the following features of attachment theory posits that attachment behavior follows cognitive development as well as interpersonal maturation from birth?

a. organization

b. course of development

c. learning

d. biological function

M'Naghten rule

Which of the following is considered to be the oldest rule for determining insanity?

a. irresistible impulse test

b. durham rule

c. substantial capacity test

d. M'Naghten rule

psychopath

______ refers to individuals whose antisocial behavior may be a result of a defect or abnormality within themselves

a. sociopath

b. narcist

d. schizophrenic

d. psychopath

false

Tertiary prevention focuses on eliminating influences that could potentially result in someone engaging in criminal activity

a. true

b. false

ritualists

______ do not seek to achieve the goals of material success, probably because they know they don't have a realistic chance of obtaining such success

a. ritualists

b. rebels

c. innovators

d. conformists

true

Attending anger management classes is an example of a coping mechanism that individuals can use to help reduce stress

a. true

b. false

innovators

Which of the following are more likely to become predatory street criminals?

a. conformists

b. innovators

c. rebels

d. ritualists

industrial revolution

The work of Auguste Comte, Andre-Michel Guerry, and Adolphe Quetelet was largely inspired by the social dynamics that resulted from the ______

a. civil war

b. industrial revolution

c. world war II

d. age of enlightenment

false

General strain theory places more emphasis on the macro level of analysis

a. true

b. false

laughter

One type of activity that has shown relatively consistent success in relieving stress is ______

a. shopping

b. exercise

c. eating

d. laughter

an abusive parent

Which of the following is an example of a noxious stimuli?

a. an abusive parent

b. not having a car for a while

c. loss of a good job

d. loss of a loved one

false

Emile Durkheim is widely credited with coining the term sociology

a. true

b. false

general strain theory

______ assumes that people of all social classes and economic positions deal with frustrations in routine daily life, which virtually everyone can relate to

a. anomie

b. reaction formation

c. general strain theory

d. relative deprivation

collective conscience

The ______ is the degree to which individuals of society think alike, or as Durkheim put it, the totality of social likenesses

a. collective conscience

b. relative perception

c. organic solidarity

d. mechanical solidarity

anomie

______ is a concept originally proposed by Durkheim, which meant normlessness or the chaos that takes place when a society (e.g., economic structure) changes very rapidly

a. anomie

b. relative deprivation

c. social disorganization

d. strain

relative deprivation

The perception that results when relatively poor people live in close proximity to relatively wealthy people is referred to as ______

a. anomie

b. strain

c. social disorganization

d. relative deprivation

reaction formation

Which of the following involves adopting attitudes or committing behaviors that are opposite of what is expected?

a. collective conscience

b. reaction formation

c. retreatism

d. relative deprivation

conformity

______ is an adaptation to strain in which persons buy into the conventional goals of society but also buy into the conventional means of working hard in school or labor

a. retreatism

b. ritualism

c. conformity

d. innovation

ritualism

The corner boy probably best fits the adaptation of ______, because he knows that he likely will never achieve the goals of society, so he essentially resigns himself to not obtaining financial success

a. innovation

b. conformity

c. ritualism

d. rebellion

rebel

Cohen's delinquent boy is most similar to a ______

a. conformist

b. rebel

c. innovator

d. ritualist

the unemployed

According to Adolphe Quetelet, which of the following were more likely to commit crime?

a. women

b. the unemployed

c. individuals who have degrees

d. middle age and elderly individuals

false

Mechanical societies have a high division of labor and thus a low level of agreement about societal norms, largely because everyone has such different roles in society

a. true

b. false

true

Providing an individual with a job, or the preparation for such is key to building a more stable life, even if the position is not a high-paying job

a. true

b. false

retreatist gangs

______ are a type of gang that tends to attract individuals who have failed to succeed in both the conventional world and the criminal or conflict gangs of their neighborhoods

a. innovative gangs

b. ritualist gangs

c. conformist gangs

d. retreatist gangs

false

Shaw and McKay's finders accepted the notion of social Darwinism because it is obvious that the culture is not what influence crime and delinquency, but, rather, the criminogenic nature of the environment

a. true

b. false

natural areas

The Chicago School's idea that all cities contain identifiable clusters, such as a Chinatown, is referred to as ______

a. ecology

b. natural areas

c. social disorganization

d. concentric circles

true

The distinction between a culture and a subculture is that a culture represents a distinct, separate set of norms and values among an identifiable group of people that are summarily different from those of the dominant culture

a. true

b. false

better lighting in dark places

Which of the following were identified as ways to reduce crime?

a. better schools

b. decrease in property taxes

c. better lighting in dark places

d. most stringent laws

cultural and subcultural

______ theories of crime assume that there are unique groups in society that socialize their children to believe that certain activities that violate conventional law are good and positive ways to behave

a. social disorganization

b. cultural and subcultural

c. lower-class focal concern

d. broken windows

ecology

______ is essentially the study of the dynamics and processes through which plants and animals interact with the environment

a. biology

b. physiology

c. ecology

d. archaeology

autonomy

Which of the following focal concerns refers to the value of independence from authority?

a. toughness

b. autonomy

c. fate

d. trouble

true

The Chicago School represents one of the earliest examples of balancing theorizing with scientific analysis

a. true

b. false

asian americans

Shaw and McKay's longitudinal data showed that all groups, which the exception of ______, who lived in the Zone II had high delinquency rates while they lived there

a. asian americans

b. hispanics

c. whites

d. african americans

concentric cirlces

The model proposed by the Chicago School theorists that assumes that all cities grow in a natural way with the same five zones is known as ______

a. natural areas

b. zones

c. concentric circles

d. social disorganization

all of these

Studies consistently show that most adults in the lower class attempt to socialize their children to believe in conventional values, such as ______

a. respect for authority

b. hard work as positive

c. delayed gratification

d. all of these

lower class

Miller claimed that the six focal concerns were emphasized and taught by members of the ______ as a culture or environment

a. working-class

b. upper class

c. middle-class

d. lower class

fate

Which of the following focal concerns disregards responsibility and accountability for one's actions?

a. fate

b. smartness

c. autonomy

d. trouble

false

There are no effective programs out there that promote prosocial norms and culture

a. true

b. false

zone II

______ was the area most significantly subjected to the ecological principles, such as invasion, domination, recession, and succession

a. zone IV

b. zone III

c. zone I

d. zone II

heterogeneity

According to Shaw and McKay, the neighborhoods that have the highest rates of crime typically have which of the following problems?

a. heterogeneity

b. quality infrastructure

c. high property taxes

d. adequate schools

true

Miller's model of lower-class focal concerns does not exist across the entire lower class

a. true

b. false

zone II

The framework proposed by Shaw and McKay began with the assumption that certain neighborhoods in all cities have more crime than other parts of the city. Most of these are located in which of the following zones?

a. zone V

b. zone I

c. zone IV

d. zone II

zone II

Which of the following zones was identified as the zone in transition?

a. zone V

b. zone IV

c. zone I

d. zone II

blacks

Recent reviews of race and crime rates have shown that the most consistent predictor of crime rates in a given area is the percentage of ______ who live in the area

a. blacks

b. hispanics

c. asians

d. whites