Psychological Disorders Flashcards

Flashcards based on lecture notes about psychological disorders.

Intellectual Disability

An 8-year-old struggles with problem-solving, communication, and daily living tasks. IQ and adaptive functioning are significantly below average.

Global Developmental Delay

A 3-year-old has delays in multiple developmental areas but is too young for a standardized IQ test.

Intellectual Disability

An 8-year-old struggles with problem-solving, communication, and daily living tasks. IQ and adaptive functioning are significantly below average.

Global Developmental Delay

A 3-year-old has delays in multiple developmental areas but is too young for a standardized IQ test.

Language Disorder

A 5-year-old has limited vocabulary, struggles to form sentences, and has trouble understanding spoken directions.

Speech Sound Disorder

A 6-year-old has difficulty pronouncing certain sounds, making their speech difficult to understand by non-family members.

Childhood-Onset Fluency Disorder

A 7-year-old frequently repeats syllables and prolongs sounds when speaking, especially when anxious.

Social (Pragmatic) Communication Disorder

An 8-year-old speaks clearly but struggles with taking turns in conversation and understanding social cues.

Autism Spectrum Disorder

A 4-year-old avoids eye contact, has repetitive behaviors, limited interests, and difficulty with social interaction and communication.

ADHD, Combined Presentation

A 10-year-old is easily distracted, forgetful, fidgets constantly, and interrupts frequently.

ADHD, Predominantly Inattentive Presentation

A 9-year-old struggles to sustain attention in class, often daydreams, and frequently loses belongings.

ADHD, Predominantly Hyperactive/Impulsive Presentation

An 8-year-old cannot stay seated, blurts out answers, and climbs on furniture.

Specific Learning Disorder

An 11-year-old has persistent difficulties with reading accuracy and math reasoning despite having average IQ, tutoring and school support.

Stereotypic Movement Disorder

A child repetitively rocks and hand-flaps, even when not stressed, and sometimes causes self-injury.

Tourette’s Disorder

A 12-year-old has multiple motor tics and at least one vocal tic that has persisted for over a year.

Persistent (Chronic) Motor or Vocal Tic Disorder

An 11-year-old has had motor tics for two years but no vocal tics.

Provisional Tic Disorder

A 9-year-old developed multiple tics two months ago that have not yet lasted a year.

Schizotypal (Personality) Disorder

A 24-year-old lives in social isolation, has odd beliefs (e.g., telepathy), unusual speech patterns, and dresses eccentrically. Symptoms are chronic and present since adolescence, but there are no full-blown hallucinations or delusions.

Delusional Disorder

A 45-year-old firmly believes his neighbor is poisoning his food. He functions well in all other areas of life and has no hallucinations or disorganized behavior. Belief persists for over a year.

Brief Psychotic Disorder

A 22-year-old experiences auditory hallucinations and disorganized speech for 3 days after a traumatic breakup. Symptoms resolve completely within a week.

Schizophreniform Disorder

A 19-year-old college student hears voices, has delusions of persecution, and displays disorganized behavior. Symptoms have lasted for 4 months, with social decline, but not yet 6 months.

Schizophrenia

A 28-year-old has had persistent hallucinations, disorganized speech, flat affect, and significant decline in social functioning for over 7 months. Symptoms include both positive and negative features.

Schizoaffective Disorder

A 30-year-old woman has auditory hallucinations and paranoid delusions for 3 weeks, then develops symptoms of major depression. Psychotic symptoms continue for 2 weeks in the absence of mood symptoms.

Substance/Medication-Induced Psychotic Disorder

A 26-year-old reports visual hallucinations and paranoid delusions during and shortly after heavy methamphetamine use. Symptoms resolve after detox.

Bipolar I Disorder

A 29-year-old has had at least one manic episode with elevated mood, decreased need for sleep, grandiosity, pressured speech, and impulsive spending. Symptoms lasted 8 days and led to hospitalization. Depressive episodes also occur but are not required for diagnosis.

Bipolar II Disorder

A 26-year-old has recurrent episodes of major depression, alternating with periods of hypomania (elevated mood, increased energy, talkativeness, lasting 4 days). The hypomania never causes hospitalization or severe impairment.

Cyclothymic Disorder

A 21-year-old has had 2 years of frequent mood swings that don’t meet full criteria for depression or hypomania but involve noticeable fluctuations in energy and affect. No symptom-free period has lasted longer than 2 months.

Substance/Medication-Induced Bipolar and Related Disorder

A 34-year-old shows manic symptoms (e.g., elevated mood, racing thoughts, risky behavior) after taking corticosteroids. The symptoms resolve after the medication is stopped.

Bipolar and Related Disorder Due to Another Medical Condition

A 50-year-old with multiple sclerosis begins showing signs of mania, including decreased sleep and distractibility, with no prior psychiatric history.

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)

A 32-year-old reports 3 weeks of persistent low mood, anhedonia, weight loss, insomnia, guilt, fatigue, and difficulty concentrating. Symptoms interfere with work and relationships.

Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia)

A 28-year-old has felt 'down' most days for over 2 years. Symptoms include low self-esteem, hopelessness, low energy, and poor concentration. The patient has never been symptom-free for more than 2 months.

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD)

A 25-year-old experiences irritability, mood swings, and physical symptoms (e.g., breast tenderness, bloating) during the week before menstruation. Symptoms resolve after menstruation begins and have recurred for at least a year.

Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD)

A 10-year-old boy has frequent, severe temper outbursts (3+ times weekly) that are grossly out of proportion. He is irritable or angry most of the day, nearly every day, for over a year, in multiple settings.

Substance/Medication-Induced Depressive Disorder

A 40-year-old shows persistent low mood and fatigue after starting isotretinoin for acne. Symptoms began during treatment and resolve after stopping the medication.

Depressive Disorder Due to Another Medical Condition

A 60-year-old stroke survivor develops apathy, lack of motivation, and pervasive sadness. These symptoms were not present before the neurological event.

Separation Anxiety Disorder

A 9-year-old becomes extremely distressed when away from her parents, refuses to sleep alone, and frequently fears harm will come to them. Symptoms persist for over 4 weeks.

Selective Mutism

A 6-year-old speaks freely at home but refuses to speak at school or in social settings. This pattern has lasted over a month and interferes with classroom participation.

Specific Phobia

A 22-year-old avoids elevators due to an intense fear of being trapped. She experiences panic-like symptoms when forced to use one and goes out of her way to avoid tall buildings.

Social Anxiety Disorder (Social Phobia)

A 17-year-old avoids speaking in class or eating in public due to fear of being judged. She reports intense anxiety leading to nausea and sweating in social settings.

Panic Disorder

A 28-year-old has recurrent, unexpected panic attacks featuring palpitations, dizziness, chest pain, and fear of dying. She worries persistently about future attacks.

Agoraphobia

A 35-year-old refuses to leave home alone, use public transportation, or enter crowded stores due to fear of being unable to escape or get help if anxiety strikes.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

A 40-year-old reports 6 months of excessive worry about finances, health, and daily tasks. She experiences muscle tension, restlessness, fatigue, and sleep problems.

Substance/Medication-Induced Anxiety Disorder

A 33-year-old reports excessive nervousness and restlessness after starting high doses of bronchodilators. Symptoms resolve after stopping the medication.

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

A 27-year-old repeatedly checks if the door is locked, spending over 2 hours a day on this ritual. He recognizes the behavior is excessive but feels driven to continue to reduce anxiety.

Body Dysmorphic Disorder

A 20-year-old is preoccupied with the belief that her nose is deformed, although others see nothing unusual. She spends hours daily checking mirrors and avoids social interactions.

Hoarding Disorder

A 63-year-old refuses to throw away old newspapers, plastic containers, and expired food. Her home is cluttered to the point that the kitchen and living room are unusable. She denies that there’s a problem.

Trichotillomania (Hair-Pulling Disorder)

A 16-year-old has noticeable bald patches from repeatedly pulling out her hair during times of stress. She reports tension before pulling and relief afterward.

Excoriation (Skin-Picking) Disorder

A 30-year-old spends hours picking at her arms and face, leading to bleeding and scarring. She feels unable to stop and often hides her skin in public.

Substance/Medication-Induced OCD and Related Disorder

A patient develops obsessive hand-washing and intrusive thoughts after starting stimulant medication. Symptoms resolve after discontinuation.

OCD and Related Disorder Due to Another Medical Condition

A 55-year-old develops repetitive tapping rituals and contamination fears following a traumatic brain injury affecting the frontal lobe.

Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD)

A 3-year-old in foster care shows minimal emotional responsiveness to caregivers, avoids comfort when distressed, and has poor social engagement. History reveals early neglect.

Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder (DSED)

A 4-year-old child approaches unfamiliar adults with overly familiar behavior, including willingness to leave with strangers. The child shows no hesitation in social boundaries.

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

A 30-year-old combat veteran experiences flashbacks, nightmares, hypervigilance, and avoidance of reminders of combat trauma for over 3 months. Symptoms cause significant functional impairment.

Acute Stress Disorder

A 25-year-old develops dissociation, anxiety, and intrusive memories within days after a severe car accident. Symptoms last 2 weeks and resolve with supportive care.

Adjustment Disorder

A 40-year-old feels depressed and anxious after job loss. Symptoms began within 3 months of the stressor and cause mild impairment but do not meet criteria for a major depressive episode.

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)

A 28-year-old reports experiencing distinct personality states with different memories, behaviors, and voices. There are gaps in recall for everyday events and traumatic experiences.

Dissociative Amnesia

A 35-year-old cannot recall important personal information following a traumatic event. The memory loss is too extensive to be explained by ordinary forgetfulness.

Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder

A 22-year-old frequently feels detached from her body and surroundings, describing a sense of unreality and feeling like a robot. Insight is preserved, and reality testing is intact.

Somatic Symptom Disorder

A 35-year-old repeatedly visits doctors for pain complaints without a clear medical cause. The patient is excessively worried about health and spends much time focused on symptoms.

Illness Anxiety Disorder

A 40-year-old is preoccupied with having a serious illness despite minimal or no somatic symptoms. Reassurance from medical tests does not relieve anxiety.

Conversion Disorder (Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder)

A 28-year-old suddenly develops paralysis of the right arm with no neurological basis found on examination or imaging. Symptoms started after a stressful event.

Psychological Factors Affecting Other Medical Conditions

A patient with asthma has worsening symptoms triggered by anxiety and stress, interfering with treatment adherence.

Factitious Disorder

A 30-year-old intentionally produces symptoms (e.g., injecting bacteria) to assume the sick role and gain attention.

Pica

A 5-year-old persistently eats non-food items like dirt and paper for over a month, despite the behavior being developmentally inappropriate.

Rumination Disorder

A 12-month-old repeatedly regurgitates and rechews food without nausea or underlying medical cause.

Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID)

A 10-year-old refuses to eat most foods, resulting in significant weight loss and nutritional deficiency without body image concerns.

Anorexia Nervosa

A 17-year-old restricts food intake severely, has a BMI below 17, intense fear of gaining weight, and distorted body image.

Bulimia Nervosa

A 19-year-old binge eats large amounts of food and engages in compensatory behaviors like vomiting or laxative use at least once a week for 3 months.

Binge-Eating Disorder

A 25-year-old regularly consumes excessive amounts of food in a short period, feeling a lack of control, without compensatory behaviors.

Enuresis

A 7-year-old wets the bed at least twice a week for 3 consecutive months, despite being developmentally expected to be continent.

Encopresis

A 6-year-old regularly passes feces in inappropriate places (e.g., clothing or floor), at least once a month for 3 months, beyond expected developmental age.

Insomnia Disorder

A 40-year-old reports difficulty initiating and maintaining sleep at least 3 nights per week for over 3 months, causing daytime fatigue and impaired concentration.

Hypersomnolence Disorder

A 30-year-old sleeps 10–12 hours daily but still feels excessively sleepy and has difficulty waking, impairing daily functioning.

Narcolepsy

A 25-year-old experiences sudden sleep attacks during the day, cataplexy triggered by strong emotions, and disrupted nighttime sleep.

Obstructive Sleep Apnea Hypopnea

A 50-year-old snores loudly, experiences frequent awakenings, and daytime sleepiness. Polysomnography shows repeated airway obstruction.

Central Sleep Apnea

A 60-year-old reports excessive daytime sleepiness and disrupted sleep with no airway obstruction, but with pauses in breathing due to neurological causes.

Restless Legs Syndrome

A 45-year-old reports uncomfortable sensations in the legs at rest, relieved by movement, worsening in the evening and interfering with sleep.

Circadian Rhythm Sleep-Wake Disorders

A 22-year-old has difficulty falling asleep and waking at conventional times due to a delayed sleep phase, causing daytime impairment.

Non-Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Arousal Disorders

A child has recurrent episodes of sleepwalking and sleep terrors, usually occurring during the first third of the night.

Nightmare Disorder

A 35-year-old experiences frequent, disturbing dreams that awaken her and cause distress or impairment.

Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder

A 60-year-old acts out vivid dreams during REM sleep, sometimes resulting in injury.

Delayed Ejaculation

A 30-year-old man consistently has difficulty ejaculating during partnered sexual activity despite adequate desire and stimulation.

Erectile Disorder

A 45-year-old man reports inability to achieve or maintain an erection sufficient for sexual activity for at least 6 months.

Female Orgasmic Disorder

A 28-year-old woman experiences marked delay, infrequency, or absence of orgasm during sexual activity despite adequate desire and stimulation.

Female Sexual Interest/Arousal Disorder

A 35-year-old woman reports lack of sexual interest and absent sexual arousal, causing distress and relationship issues.

Genito-Pelvic Pain/Penetration Disorder

A 32-year-old woman experiences persistent vaginal pain and fear of penetration during intercourse, leading to avoidance.

Male Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder

A 40-year-old man has persistently low sexual desire for at least 6 months, causing significant distress.

Premature (Early) Ejaculation

A 25-year-old man ejaculates within one minute of penetration, causing personal distress and relationship problems.

Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)

A 9-year-old frequently argues with adults, deliberately annoys others, and shows spiteful behavior lasting at least 6 months.

Intermittent Explosive Disorder (IED)

A 25-year-old has recurrent outbursts of verbal aggression and physical violence disproportionate to the situation, causing distress and legal problems.

Conduct Disorder

A 15-year-old engages in repeated aggressive behavior, destruction of property, deceitfulness, and serious rule violations over the past year.

Pyromania

A 20-year-old experiences an irresistible urge to set fires and feels pleasure or relief after doing so, with no external gain.

Kleptomania

A 22-year-old repeatedly steals items not needed for personal use or monetary value and experiences tension before stealing.

Alcohol Use Disorder

A 35-year-old drinks heavily daily, has failed attempts to cut down, experiences withdrawal symptoms, and continues despite social and health problems.

Caffeine Withdrawal

A 25-year-old develops headache, fatigue, and irritability after abruptly stopping daily coffee consumption.

Cannabis Use Disorder

A 22-year-old uses cannabis daily, neglects responsibilities, and continues use despite causing interpersonal conflicts.

Opioid Use Disorder

A 30-year-old uses prescription opioids beyond medical need, develops tolerance and withdrawal symptoms, and has impaired functioning.

Stimulant Use Disorder

A 28-year-old compulsively uses cocaine, experiences mood swings, and neglects work and family duties.

Tobacco Use Disorder

A 45-year-old smokes heavily, experiences cravings and withdrawal symptoms when trying to quit, and continues despite respiratory issues.

Gambling Disorder

A 40-year-old experiences persistent gambling urges, financial losses, and neglects personal and occupational responsibilities.

Voyeuristic Disorder

A 30-year-old derives sexual arousal from observing unsuspecting people who are naked or engaged in sexual activity, and acts on these urges.

Exhibitionistic Disorder

A 25-year-old experiences intense sexual arousal from exposing his genitals to unsuspecting strangers.