Period 4 APUSH

Thomas Jefferson

3rd U.S. president; reduced federal power, bought Louisiana Territory

Revolution of 1800

Peaceful transfer of power from Federalists to Democratic-Republicans

Strict Interpretation

Belief the Constitution should be followed exactly as written

Louisiana Purchase

1803 land deal doubling U.S. territory; bought from France

Lewis and Clark Expedition

Exploration of Louisiana Territory to map land and establish trade

Judicial Review

Power of courts to strike down unconstitutional laws; from Marbury v. Madison

Marbury v. Madison (1803)

Established Judicial Review

John Marshall

Chief Justice who strengthened federal power (1801–1835)

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

Confirmed implied powers and upheld national bank

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)

Gave federal government power over interstate commerce

Worcester v. Georgia (1832)

Ruled Cherokee Nation was separate; ignored by Jackson

Embargo Act (1807)

Jefferson’s ban on foreign trade; hurt U.S. economy

Non-Intercourse Act (1809)

Reopened trade except with Britain and France

War Hawks

Young congressmen (like Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun) who wanted war with Britain

War of 1812

War with Britain over trade and impressment; boosted U.S. nationalism

Treaty of Ghent (1814)

Ended War of 1812; returned conditions to pre-war status

Hartford Convention (1814)

Federalists protested the war; their opposition led to party’s end

James Madison

4th president; led during War of 1812

Era of Good Feelings

Time of national unity under James Monroe (1817–1825)

Panic of 1819

First major U.S. economic depression

Henry Clay

Leader of the American System and advocate for national unity

American System

Plan for tariffs, national bank, and internal improvements

Second Bank of the United States

1816 bank created to stabilize currency and economy

Monroe Doctrine (1823)

Warned Europe to stay out of the Western Hemisphere

Adams-Onís Treaty (1819)

Spain gave Florida to U.S.

Missouri Compromise (1820)

Missouri = slave state, Maine = free; no slavery north of 36°30’

John Quincy Adams

6th president; won 1824 “Corrupt Bargain” election against Jackson

Corrupt Bargain (1824)

Deal between Adams and Clay to secure presidency for Adams

Andrew Jackson

7th president; promoted “common man” democracy; used veto power

Jacksonian Democracy

Expansion of political power to common white men

Spoils System

Giving government jobs to political supporters

Indian Removal Act (1830)

Forced Native Americans west of Mississippi River

Trail of Tears (1838–1839)

Forced Cherokee removal; thousands died

Nullification Crisis (1832–1833)

South Carolina tried to nullify tariffs; Jackson threatened force

Tariff of Abominations (1828)

High tariff disliked by the South

John C. Calhoun

Advocated states’ rights and nullification

Bank War

Jackson destroyed the national bank; moved money to state “pet banks”

Panic of 1837

Economic depression caused by bank closures and inflation

Martin Van Buren

8th president; blamed for Panic of 1837

Whig Party

Opposed Jackson; supported strong Congress and industry

Second Great Awakening

Religious revival encouraging reform and individual salvation

Charles Grandison Finney

Leading preacher of the Second Great Awakening

Transcendentalism

Philosophy emphasizing nature, individualism, and self-reliance

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Transcendentalist writer; emphasized self-reliance

Henry David Thoreau

Wrote “Civil Disobedience”; promoted peaceful protest

Utopian Communities

Reform communities like Brook Farm, New Harmony, and Oneida

Dorothea Dix

Reformer for humane treatment of the mentally ill

Temperance Movement

Effort to end alcohol consumption

Education Reform

Movement for free public schooling

Horace Mann

Leader of education reform; improved public schooling

Abolition Movement

Movement to end slavery

William Lloyd Garrison

Abolitionist; published “The Liberator” newspaper

Frederick Douglass

Escaped slave and abolitionist speaker/writer

Grimké Sisters

Southern women who supported abolition and women’s rights

Seneca Falls Convention (1848)

First women’s rights meeting; issued Declaration of Sentiments

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Organizer of Seneca Falls and women’s rights leader

Lucretia Mott

Co-organizer of Seneca Falls Convention

Cult of Domesticity

Belief that women should stay home and care for family

Lowell System

Factory system using young women as labor in textile mills

Market Revolution

Growth of factories, cities, and transportation (canals, roads, railroads)

Transportation Revolution

Improvements in roads, canals, steamboats, railroads

Erie Canal (1825)

Connected Great Lakes to Hudson River; boosted trade

National Road (Cumberland Road)

First major federal highway

Steamboat (Robert Fulton)

Increased trade along rivers

Telegraph (Samuel Morse)

Revolutionized communication

Cotton Gin (Eli Whitney)

Made cotton processing faster; increased slavery in the South

Interchangeable Parts (Eli Whitney)

Made mass production and repair easier

Urbanization

Growth of cities due to factories and immigration

Immigration (Irish and German)

Increased after 1830; faced nativism and discrimination

Nativism

Anti-immigrant sentiment; especially against Catholics

Know-Nothing Party

Political party formed to oppose immigrants and Catholics

Manifest Destiny (early idea)

Belief that Americans were destined to expand westward

Texas Revolution (1836)

Texas won independence from Mexico; led by Sam Houston

Republic of Texas

Independent nation before joining the U.S. (1836–1845)

John Tyler

10th president; annexed Texa