Motivation and Emotion Mod 7

Motivation

describes the wants or needs that direct behavior towards a goal

intrinsic

arise from internal factors,bring sense of personal satisfaction

extrinsic

arise from external factors,performed to receive from others

over justification effect

intrinsic motivation is diminished when extrinsic motivation is given

instinct theory

human behavior is driven by instincts

limitations of instinct theory

human behavior is learned rather than instinctual

drive theory

deviations from homeostasis creates physiological needs

habit

pattern of behavior we regularly engage in

arousal theory

people are motivated to maintain an optimal level of mental arousal

what does the optimal level of arousal theory depend on?

complexity of a task

optimal level of arousal theory

the balance between anxiety and boredom, where we perform best

Yerkes-Dodson law

moderate arousal is best, too little/too much can impair performance

self-efficacy

an individuals belief in their own ability to complete a task

social motives

needs for achievement, affiliation, and intimacy

achievement

drives accomplishment and performance

affiliation

encourages positive interactions

intimacy

deep meaningful relationships

physiological needs

food, water, sleep

safety needs

security, stability, and protection from danger

love and belonging

intimacy, friendships, and social connections

esteems needs

self esteem, respect, and achievement

self actualization

realizing full potential through personal development

self transcendence

seeking meaning beyond self, later added

physiological mechanisms of hunger

stomach contract and chemicals are sent to the brain for feeding behavior, blood sugar drops then pancreas/liver generate hunger inducing signals

physiological mechanisms of satiation

pancreas/liver send signal to shut off hunger/eating, fat cells release leptin (satiety hormone)

role of hypothalamus (hunger and eating)

integrates signals from stomach, blood, and hormones

lateral hypothalamus

hunger

ventromedial hypothalamus

satiety

metabolic rate

amount of energy expended over a specific time period

set point theory

individuals have an ideal body weight that is resistant to change

obesity

excess body fat, BMI of 30+

anorexia nervosa

severe weight loss, fear of gaining weight

bulimia nervosa

binge eating followed by purging food

binge eating

uncontrollable overeating without purging

hypothalamus and limbic system (sexual behavior)

regulates sexual motivation

medial preoptic area

impairs sexual performance, not desire

testosterone and estrogen

moderates sexual desire

kinsey scale

categorizes sexual orientation

sexual response cycle

4 stages, excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution

james-lange theory

emotions result from physiological arousal

cannon bard theory

emotional and physiological responses occur simultaneously and independently(they do not cause each other)

schachter-singer two factor theory

emotions depend on physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation

Amygdala

Central to processing fear and threat detection

Hippocampus

Involved in emotional memory

hypothalamus and emotions

Activates the sympathetic nervous system during emotional reactions

seven universal emotions

happiness, sadness, contempt, surprise, fear, disgust, anger

facial feedback hypothesis

facial expression influence feelings