American Pageant Ch 26 Question Review (Originally made by Aidan_Pond3, edited and added to by Luke Dugoni and Justin Anderson) (2nd edit by Ashton Wong)

What fabled line defined the eastern boundary of the West?

the "100th Meridian" where there was almost no white people

The Great West was a rough square measuring how long on each side?

1000 miles

What four states now make up the Great West?

Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, and "Indian Territory" (Oklahoma)

How many native Americans were there in 1860?

360,000

Which Native American Tribe drove the tribe of Apaches off the central plains into the upper Rio Grande valley?

Comaches

Which Native American Tribe would prey upon the Crows, Kiowas, and Pawnees?

Sioux

Which two native American tribes harried the Cheyenne to abandon their villages along the upper reaches of the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers?

Mandans and Chippewas

What two native groups mentioned in the book adopted the practice of using horses after they were introduced by the Spanish?

Cheyenne and Sioux

What two things did whites do which hurt natives?

Hunt down buffalo and spread diseases (cholera, typhoid, smallpox)

What type of Indian told a U.S. army officer "I am travelling all over this country, and am cutting the tress of my brothers", "I am killing their buffalo before my friends arrive so that when they come up, they can find no buffalo"?

What river were they along?

Arikara Indian

Platte River

What was a consequence of the dwindling buffalo population?

warfare intensified among Plains tribes

What did the federal government do to pacify Plains Indians?

What did this mark the beginning of?

Sign treaties with "chiefs" of "tribes" at Fort Laramie (1851) and Fort Atkinson (1853) (even though they didn't really have tribes or chiefs). RESERVATION SYSTEM

What established boundaries for the territory of each tribe and attempted to separate the Indians into two great "colonies" to the north and south of a corridor of intended white settlement?

Reservation System

What reservation was made in Dakota Territory in the 1860s when the federal government intensified the reservation policy and herded into still-smaller confines?

What reservation in Oklahoma?

"The Great Sioux Territory"

Indian Territory

How much did one cheating official pocket after four years while he was supposed to be allocating funds towards the Indian Reservations?

What was the cheating official's annual salary?

$50,000

$1,500

How much of the military did blacks make up in the wars against Natives? What were they dubbed?

1/5; "Buffalo Soldiers"

What American Colonel led the Sand Creek, Colorado Massacre of over 400 Natives?

J. M. Chivington;

What American Captain's squadron was ambushed two years later by a Sioux war party in 1866?

How many soldiers were in the squadron?

What construction was it trying to block?

How many arrows was one trooper's face spitted with?

Where would they be attacked?

W. J. Fetterman;

81;

Bozeman Trail to the Montana goldfields;

105;

Wyoming's Bighorn Mountains

Who wrote that Fetterman's annihilation "awakened a bitter feeling toward the savage perpetrators"?

What was their nickname?

What did he turn into after demoted to colonel?

Custer

"boy general"

Indian fighter

What was a short-lived triumph of Indians in the plain wars after the Fetterman massacre which led to the abandonment of the Bozeman Trail?

Battle of Little Bighorn

In what treaty did the government abandon the Bozeman trail that would allow the "Great Sioux reservation" guaranteed to the Sioux tribes and caused the government to abandon the Bozeman trail?

Treaty of Fort Laramie in 1861

Where was Custer's "scientific" exploration?

What would he discover in the exploration?

The Black hills of South Dakota (part of the Sioux Reservation);

Gold

What Indians were the Sioux aided by when hordes of greedy gold seekers swarmed into Sioux land?

Who were they inspired by?

Cheyenne and Arapaho Indians

Sitting Bull

Who set out to suppress the Indians and return them to the reservation?

How many warriors would they attack and where?

How many officers and men were completely wiped out by the Indians when two supporting columns failed to come to their rescue?

Colonel Custer's 7th Cavalry

2,500 along Little Bighorn River (in present day Montana)

250

What was Colonel Custer's nickname?

White Chief with Yellow Hair

What band of Indians in northeastern Oregon were goaded into daring flight in 1877 when US authorities tried to herd them onto a reservation?

What Chief of the Indians in Northeastern Oregon was forced to surrender?

How many Indians were under their command?

How many miles of land would the fight take over?

How long was the fight?

Who did hope to speak with?

Nez Pierce Indians

Chief Joseph

1700

1700

3 months

Sitting Bull

When would Sitting Bull take refuge?

Where?

After Battle of Little Bighorn

Canada

Which tribes were the most difficult to subdue?

What would they eventually become?

Who led them?

What did device did federal troops use when pursuing them into Mexico?

What did Indians refer to the device since they were impressed by it?

Apache Tribes of Arizona and New Mexico

successful farmers in Oklahoma

Geronimo

heliograph;

"big medicine"

What were two factors that affected the "taming" of Indians?

federal government willingness to back its land claims with military force

railroads/locomotives

What animals were the "staff of life" for Native Americans? How did the early Spanish settlers describe them as?

buffalo

"Hunchback cows"

What fuel did Buffalos provide?

"buffalo chips"

How long did a Kansas Pacific locomotive have to wait for a herd of Buffalo to amble across the tracks?

8 hours

Who killed several thousand buffalo in 18 months while employed by Kansas Pacific?

How many buffalos did they kill?

William "Buffalo Bill" Cody

4000

What group of people would lean out of the windows on lurching railroad trains and blaze away at the buffalos to satisfy their lust for slaughter or excitement?

"sportsmen"

How many buffalo were alive after the Civil War? How many were alive by 1885?

15 million

1000

What book exposed the government's ruthlessness and chicanery in dealing with Indians?

What was a love story about discrimination against California Indians and how many copies did it sell?

Who wrote these books?

"A Century of Dishonor";

"Ramona", 600,000 copies

Helen Hunt Jackson (Massachusetts writer of children's literature)

What did Humanitarians persuade Indians to do as they wanted to treat Indians' kindly?

"Walk the white man's road"

What battle was fought over the Sacred Sun Dance that Christians wanted banned because they suck?

What religious movement spread to Dakota Sioux that would be the final cause of the battle?

How many Indian men, women, and children were killed?

How many invading soldiers were killed?

Battle of Wounded Knee

"Ghost Dance" religious movement

200;

29

What act was inspired by reformers which got natives to assimilate with whites?

What did Indians have to behave themselves like to get full title to their holdings and citizenship?

When were all Indians suppose to be granted citizenship after the act?

When was it extended to?

Dawes Severalty Act of 1887;

"good white settlers"

25 years after

1924

What were the 3 things that the Dawes Severalty Act did?

dissolved many tribes as legal entities

wiped out tribal ownership of land

set up individual Indian family heads with 160 free acres

What was the school mentioned by the book for Indian children meant to indoctrinate children to be more white by teaching them English?

What was the school founder's motto?

the Carlisle Indian School in Pennsylvania

"Kill the Indian and save the man"

Who did the government send to the reservations to teach Native American women the art of sewing and preach the virtues of chastity and hygiene?

"field matrons"

What act partially reversed the individualistic approach and belatedly tried to restore the tribal basis of Indian life?

What was the act also known as?

Indian Reorganization Act of 1934

"Indian New Deal"

What percent of land did the Indians lose by 1900?

How many acres did they originally two decades earlier?

50%

156 million acres

In 1887, what was the Native American population?

How many native Americans did the census count?

How many members did census have in 1887?

243,000

1.5 million

2000

What did the golden gravel of California continue to yield?

What were nicknames of people who rushed into Colorado/Rockies after an electrifying discovery?

What was inscribed on the canvas of their covered wagons?

What was another added inscription?

"pay dirt"

"Fifty-niners" or "Pike's Peakers"

"Pikes Peak or Bust"

"Busted, by Gosh"

What was uncovered that led to 59ers rushing into Nevada?

Who mined over 340 million worth of gold and silver from 1860 to 1890?

Comstock Lode

"Kings of the Comstock"

What was Nevada known as?

How many electoral votes did it provide Lincoln?

"Child of the Comstock Lode"

3

What drew frantic gold and silver seekers into Montana, Idaho, and other western states?

"lucky strikes"

What towns sprouted from the desert sands like magic?

What were they known as?

Every ___ cabin was a saloon?

What would miners drink there?'

What law preserved a crude semblance of order in the towns?

Boomtowns

"Helldorados"

third

liquor ("rotgut")

Lynch Law and Hempen vigilante justice

What towns started with a boom and ended with a whimper?

What was town was notable out of these towns?

ghost towns

Virginia City, Nevada

What were individual miners replaced by?

mining industry

What were the first four states to grant women's suffrage?

What did some women work as in the Wild West?

Wyoming, Utah, Colorado, and Idaho

ran boardinghouses or were prostitutes

Who represented the thinly peopled "acreage states" of the Wes using their disproportional influence?

Silver Senators

What writers mentioned this chapter were inspired by the mining frontier?

Twain and Harte

How long would a long-horned cattle horn spread sometimes?

What were they killed for?

8 feet

their hides (skin)

Who were the "Beef Barons" that allowed Cattle to be shipped alive to stockyards and sprang into existence as a main pillar of the cattle economy?

Swift and Armour

What was a spectacular feeder of slaughterhouses when Texas cowboys (black, white & Mexican) drove herds numbering one thousand to ten thousand over unfenced and unpeopled plains until they reached a railroad terminal be known as?

What were favorited terminal points?

"Long Drive"

"cow towns" like Dodge City("Bibulous Babylon of the Frontier"), Abilene (Kansas), Ogallala (Nebraska) and Cheyenne (Wyoming)

Who was a famous gunman who reputedly killed only in self defense that maintained at Abilene order?

What was their nickname?

What game were they playing when shot?

Marshall James B. Hickok

"Wild Bill"

Poker

What hazards were there on the "Long Drive"?

Indians, stampedes, and cattle fever

Who was brought out by the same rails that bore the cattle?

What did they build?

homesteader and sheepherder

barbed-wire fences

What temperature were blinding blizzards reaching in the terrible winter of 1886-1887?

-68 degrees

What organization did cow-breeders/stockmen form?

Wyoming Stock-Growers' Association

What were some equipment of the cowhand that served a useful, not an ornamental, function?

"shooting irons" and ten-gallon hat to chaps and spurs

Who became a part of American folklore?

Knights of the Saddle

What act allowed a settler to acquire a quarter section of land by living on it for 5 years, improving it, and paying a nominal fee?

How many acres was the "quarter section"?

How much was the nominal fee?

Homestead Act of 1862

160 acres

$30

Where was the standard 160 acres from the Homestead act adequate in?

Where was it inadequate?

What was the ratio of homesteaders that were forced to give up the one sided struggle against drought?

Mississippi Basin

Great Plains

2/3 or 2 out of 3 homesteaders

How much money did Uncle Sam bet that the settlers could not live on their homesteads for five years?

$10

Where would an successful gamble inspire a folk song?

Greer County, Western Oklahoma

What would unscrupulous corporations use to grab the best properties containing timber, minerals, and oil?

What were these people known as?

employees or aliens bribed with cash or bottle of beer

"dummy" homesteaders

What did settlers claim to erect as they swore they had "improved" the property?

"twelve by fourteen" dwellings (twelve by fourteen INCHES)

What was the heavy iron plows that broke the prairie sod known as?

Who poured into the prairies?

"plow that broke the plains"

Sodbusters

What line separated two climatological regions-a well-watered area to the east, and semiarid area to the west?

Who was a a geologist that warned in 1875 so little rain fell that agriculture was impossible without massive irrigation?

What were they an explorer of?

What were they the director of?

100th meridian

Powell

Colorado River's Grand Canyon

U.S. Geological Survey

What did one hapless homesteader declare after farmers who ignored Powell's device chewed up the crusty earth in wester Kansas, eastern Colorado, and Montana and would end up going broke due to a six year drought?

"There is no God west of Salina"

What western farming strategy led to the "Dust Bowl" several decades later?

dry farming

Where was tough strains of wheat imported from?

What did it blossom into?

Russia

yellow carpets

Who perfected barbed wire in 1874 that would solve the problem of how to build fences?

Glidden

What six states were admitted in 1889-1890 to get more republican votes?

North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, Washington, Idaho, and Wyoming

Who had the most to do with shaping the modern West?

hydraulic engineers

How many acres were irrigated in seventeen western states?

What did one hydraulic engineer boast about shaping the modern West?

45 million

"We enjoy pushing rivers around"

What state was Colorado known as?

"the Centennial State"

What practice did the Mormon Church ban in 1890?

polygamy

What state was admitted to the union in 1896?

Utah

What became the "Sooner State" in 1907?

Oklahoma

When was the opening of Oklahoma territory?

How many "boomers" poised on the boundary line?

What were these people also known as they were pouring in?

What did they pour in with?

April 22, 1889

50,000

"eighty-niners"

horses or careening vehicles

What city would mushroom on the same day that Oklahoma Territory opened?

How many people inhabited the area?

Guthrie

10,000

What was the district of Oklahoma (before it became a state) known as?

"the Beautiful Land"

What essay did the "closing" of the frontier inspire?

Who wrote it?

"The Significance of the Frontier in American History"

Frederick Jackson Turner

How many years did the secretary of war in 1827 prophesize would be needed to fill the west?

500 years

What was the first national park in 1872?

What national parks was it followed by?

Yellowstone

Yosemite and Sequoia in 1890

What is the theory that when hard times came, the unemployed who cluttered the city pavements merely moved west and took up farming to prosper?

What were notable cities that these unemployed people would move to?

"safety-valve" theory

Chicago, Denver, San Francisco

Who wrote: "American history has been in a large degree the history of colonization of the Great West"?

Frederick Jackson Turner

What culture did the Native Americans' "Anglo" Culture collide with that was the historic rival of Anglo-Americans for dominance in the New World?

Where would most of this culture be in in the United States?

Hispanic culture

Southwest

What was the most urbanized region in the nation?

the area from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific Coast

What writers immortalized the west?

What painters immortalized the west?

(Name at least 3 of each)

Bret Harte, Mark Twain, Helen Hunt Jackson, and Francis Parkman;

George Catlin, Frederic Remington, and Albert Bierstadt

What Chicago firm sent out its first catalogue in 1872?

What was its first catalogue?

Aaron Montgomery Ward

a single sheet

What dramatically increased the speed of harvesting wheat in 1870?

What increased the speed of harvesting in 1880s?

twine binder

combined reaper-thresher (aka "combine")

How many horses would the combined reaper-thresher require?

20 to 40 horses

What was the movement that modernized agriculture, driving many marginalized farmers off the land and swelling the ranks of the new industrial workforce?

mechanization of agriculture

What group sought to improve lives of farmers founded in 1867 gathering 800,000? Who founded it?

The National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry (aka The Grange); Kelley