Crime and Deviance

Which sociologist is associated with the term anomie?

Durkheim

What is meant by selective law enforcement?

the law is applied differently to different social groups

What does the BCS stand for?

British Crime Survey

What is one example of a crime increased due to global globalisation?

cyber crime, green crime, drug trafficking, people trafficking, weapons trafficking, money laundering

Which sociologist is associated with the idea of panoptical prisons?

Foucault

What are the four bonds that prevent crime according to Hirschi?

attachment, commitment, involvement, belief

What is one example of formal agents of social control?

criminal justice system, police, courts, prisons

Which theory of gender differences is associated with Carlen?

control theory

What term did Hobbs use to describe global crime networks?

glocal

What is one study showing the impact of environmental crime prevention?

NYC Port Authority bus terminal, Stoke Council streetlighting

What are the three causes of crime according to left realists?

marginalisation, relative deprivation, subcultures

Which sociologist is associated with status frustration?

Albert Cohen

What is the Macpherson Report?

an investigation into institutional racism following the murder of Stephen Lawrence

What did South mean by primary green crime?

direct destruction of the Earth’s resources, air pollution, deforestation

Which theory of crime control is linked to Wilson & Kelling?

broken windows theory

What is another name for interactionist theory?

labelling theory

What term does Becker use for groups with law

making power?

What is the OCR and where does it come from?

official crime rate from police reports, court records, prison records

According to Wall, what are the four types of cyber crime?

cyber deception and theft, cyber pornography, cyber

Which social group is most likely to be a victim of violent crime?

young working

What is rational choice theory?

the idea that people make a conscious choice to commit crime

With which theory is Ian Taylor associated?

neo

Which sociologist is associated with masculinity theory?

Messerschmidt

What is meant by the anthropocentric approach to green crime?

humans have the right to exploit the environment and animal species

What do Bauman & Lyon mean by liquid surveillance?

constant monitoring of actions and behaviour through digital means

What is the definition of crime?

the breaking of laws created by society

What do neo

marxists aim to create to understand crime as a social construction?

How do Moore, Atkin & Chapman say the police filter crime?

seriousness of crime, victim status, crime classification, discretion, work relations

What are the three stages of the spiral of state denial?

it didn’t happen, if it did it was something else, even if it is what you say it is it is justified

What are the four roles of the criminal justice system in preventing crime?

deterrence, retribution, rehabilitation, protection of the public

What are the five responses to strain according to Merton?

conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism, rebellion

What is meant by utilitarian crime?

crime for financial gain

What are three explanations for ethnic minority criminality?

police targeting, institutional racism, strain, subcultures, locality theory

What are three ways the media can be a cause of crime?

imitation, arousal, desensitisation, glamorisation, targeting, deprivation

Which crime prevention theory removes opportunities for crime?

situational crime prevention

Which sociologist argued criminals could be identified by physical characteristics?

Lombroso

What are the three positive functions of crime according to Durkheim?

boundary maintenance, social cohesion, adaptation and change

What is corporate crime?

crime committed to benefit a company

According to Kelman & Hamilton, what produces crimes of obedience?

authorisation, routinisation, dehumanisation

According to Foucault, how has punishment changed?

from sovereign power to disciplinary power

Which sociologist said crime itself is not functional but its publicising and punishment are?

Taylor, Walton & Young

What are the three subcultures according to Cloward & Ohlin?

criminal, conflict, retreatist

Which sociologist is associated with the liberation thesis?

Adler

What is one example of a modern moral panic?

black muggers, HIV/AIDS, satanic child abuse, video nasties, guns, Islamic terrorism

What is secondary victimisation according to Walklate?

victims being blamed by the criminal justice system

Which sociologists developed locality theory?

Shaw & McKay

In what four ways is crime seen as fluid?

historical, cultural, contextual, generational

Which sociologist argued women offend less due to lack of opportunity?

Dunscombe & Marsden

What is zemiology?

the study of social harm

What is one study of social and community crime prevention?

Perry Pre

What is disintegrative shaming?

exclusion of the criminal from society

According to Gordon, what four capitalist values lead to crime?

greed, profit, competition, materialism

What is meant by double deviancy?

women breaking law and social norms

Why is state crime especially serious?

scale of crime, state is source of law

What are four impacts of victimisation according to Hoyle?

anger, anxiety, depression, withdrawal, panic, shock, PTSD

What does crime as a safety valve mean?

allowing smaller crimes to prevent larger social problems

What is one example of selective law enforcement according to Reiman?

benefits scroungers vs corporate tax dodgers

Which sociologists said ethnic minorities are over policed and under protected?

Phillips & Browning

How has globalisation increased crime levels?

cheaper travel, deregulation, easier movement of people, global media influence, spread of information

Which government departments run the criminal justice system?

Home Office, Attorney General, Ministry of Justice

What is meant by master status?

when a label is internalised and becomes a key part of identity

What did Pearce mean by a false consciousness of crime?

occasional prosecution of corporate crime while laws appear to protect the working class

What is one weakness of victim studies?

crimes in wrong categories, victim relies on memory, victimless crimes ignored

Which sociologist is associated with defining state crime by the harm it causes?

Michalowski

What is one way that prisons are not effective at preventing crime?

schools of crime, labelling

What are the three causes of crime according to right realists?

biological differences, socialisation, rational choice

Which zone did Shaw & McKay suggest would have higher rates of crime?

zones of transition

Which three sociologists are associated with the chivalry thesis?

Pollock, Flood

How did Kidd

Hewitt & Osborne describe media distortion of crime?

Which sociologists conducted the Kilburn Experiment into surveillance?

Newburn & Hayman

What did Cicourel mean by typifications?

the stereotypes of criminals that determine labels

What are the six elements needed to create a fully social theory of crime?

wider origin of deviance, immediate origin of deviance, the act itself, immediate origins of societal reaction, wider origins of societal reaction, effects of labelling

What is meant by social and cultural factors as causes of ethnic criminality?

lack of socialisation, labelling, moral panics

What is one reason it is difficult to police green crime?

transnational nature, difficult international laws, laws shaped by the powerful

Which theory of crime prevention is linked to the NYC clean car program?

environmental crime prevention

What is one example of contextual deviancy?

bikini in town centre, drinking at 8am

Which sociologist is associated with the interactionist approach to crime?

Becker

Which sociologist suggested that black criminality is a result of resistance to inequality?

Gilroy

How is the media a cause of the fear of crime?

over

What is positivist victimology?

study of why certain people are victims and others are not

What is meant by Institutional Anomie Theory according to Messner & Rosenfeld?

lower state welfare and free

Which sociologists said crime is voluntarist?

Taylor, Walton & Young

What are three explanations for lower

class criminality?

Which sociologist defined state crime?

Green & Ward

Which theories of crime prevention are associated with right realists?

situational and environmental crime prevention

Which sociologist is associated with focal concerns explanation for crime?

Miller

What do Marxists mean when they say capitalism is criminogenic?

capitalism exploits, creating class inequality and poverty which leads to crime

How does Parsons explain gender differences in crime?

differential socialisation

Which sociologist suggested the global criminal economy is worth over $1 trillion a year?

Castells

What is meant by displacement as a criticism of situational crime prevention?

crime is not prevented but moved elsewhere

What is reintegrative shaming according to Braithwaite?

labelling the act, not the person

Which sociologist suggested that Marxist explanations of crime romanticise criminals?

Rock 1988

What are two types of white

collar crime according to Croall 2001?

What are five reasons McRobbie & Thornton argue moral panics are outdated?

frequency, context, reflexivity, difficulty, rebound

Which sociologist is associated with positive victimology?

Tierney

Which sociologist argues the law is socially constructed to protect capitalist interests?

Box

How does Chapman define corporate crime?

illegal or morally suspect behaviour by high

Which sociologist conducted Policing the Crisis?

Hall

Which sociologists are associated with rational choice theory?

Cornish & Clarke

What is meant by deviancy amplification?

attempts to control deviance lead to more deviance