Biology Practicum Practice

These flashcards cover key concepts from various lab reviews, including the cardiovascular system, urinary system, respiratory system, nervous system, musculoskeletal system, meiosis, and reproductive system, as well as genetics.

What do arteries do in the cardiovascular system?

Arteries carry blood away from the heart.

What do veins do in the cardiovascular system?

Veins carry blood towards the heart.

What type of blood does the right side of the heart pump?

The right side of the heart pumps O2-poor blood.

What type of blood does the left side of the heart pump?

The left side of the heart pumps O2-rich blood.

Name the major structures to label in a heart anatomy quiz.

Right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, left ventricle, two atrioventricular valves, two semilunar valves, pulmonary artery, pulmonary veins, aorta.

What is the pathway of blood through the heart and body?

Superior vena cava → right atrium → tricuspid valve → right ventricle → pulmonary valve → pulmonary artery → lungs → pulmonary vein → left atrium → bicuspid valve → left ventricle → aortic valve → aorta → the rest of the body.

What is the function of valves in the heart?

Valves prevent the backflow of blood.

Define systole.

Systole is the phase of contraction of the heart.

Define diastole.

Diastole is the phase of relaxation of the heart.

What generally happens to heart rate immediately after exercise?

Heart rate increases immediately after exercise.

What are the three main functions of the urinary system?

Excrete nitrogenous waste, maintain salt-water balance in the blood, maintain acid-base balance in the blood.

Describe the general pathway of urine formation and excretion.

Urine is formed in the kidneys, and follows the pathway: kidneys → ureter → urinary bladder → urethra.

What is the process of filtration in the nephron?

Filtration occurs in the glomeruli capsule where blood is filtered.

What is reabsorption in the nephron?

Reabsorption is the process where substances are reabsorbed back into the blood from the nephron.

What is secretion in the nephron?

Secretion is the process where substances are secreted from the blood into the nephron.

What is the pathway in the nephron?

Glomeruli capsule → proximal convoluted tube → nephron loop (descending and ascending) → distal convoluted tube → collecting tube.

Where does gas exchange occur in the respiratory system?

Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli.

What is the mnemonic for the pathway of airflow in the respiratory system?

Not Many People Like To Be Alone.

What are two divisions of the nervous system?

Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS).

What does the CNS consist of?

The brain and spinal cord.

What are the four lobes of the brain?

Frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, temporal lobe.

What function does the frontal lobe control?

Motor functions, ability to think, problem solve, etc.

What does the parietal lobe process?

Information from sensory receptors in the skin and taste receptors.

What is the role of the occipital lobe?

It is primarily responsible for visual processing.

What does the temporal lobe process?

Sensory information for hearing and smell.

What is the function of the cerebellum?

Ensures coordinated, smooth, voluntary movements.

What is the function of the thalamus?

Integrates information and sends it to the appropriate area of the brain.

What does the hypothalamus regulate?

Sleep, hunger, thirst, body temperature, and water balance.

What are the three types of neurons?

Sensory neurons (afferent), motor neurons (efferent), and interneurons.

What is the reflex pathway?

Skin → sensory neurons → spinal cord → motor neurons → muscle → response.

What are the functions of bones?

Protect, support, allow movement.

What is an osteon?

The cylindrical structural unit of bone.

What do osteoblasts do?

Build bone.

What do osteoclasts do?

Breakdown bone.

What is diaphysis?

The middle part of a long bone.

What is epiphysis?

The ends of long bone.

What is periosteum?

The protective outer layer covering the bone.

What is articular cartilage?

It lines the bony surface of joints.

What are the components of the axial skeleton?

Skull, vertebral column, rib cage.

What does antagonistic muscle pairing mean?

One muscle flexes while the other extends, allowing movement.

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

Smooth, skeletal, cardiac.

What is meiosis?

A process that results in four genetically diverse haploid daughter cells.

How many chromosomes do humans have?

Humans have 46 chromosomes or 23 pairs.

What happens during prophase I of meiosis?

Duplicated homologous chromosomes condense and crossing over occurs.

What happens during anaphase I of meiosis?

Homologs separate and move toward the poles.

What is interkinesis?

The pause between meiosis I and meiosis II.

What is gametogenesis?

The process of forming gametes through spermatogenesis and oogenesis.

What is spermatogenesis?

The process that produces sperm in males.

What is oogenesis?

The process that produces eggs in females.

What is a polar body?

A nonfunctioning cell produced during oogenesis.

What is the pathway of sperm in the male reproductive system?

Seminiferous tubules → Epididymis → Vas deferens → Ejaculatory duct → Urethra → Penis.

What is the primary function of the female reproductive system?

To produce eggs and sex hormones, transport eggs, receive sperm, and protect the fertilized egg.

What occurs during fertilization in oogenesis?

The secondary oocyte only undergoes meiosis II if fertilization occurs.

What is the outcome of a monozygotic twin?

They form when a fertilized egg splits into two.

What is a dizygotic twin?

They form when two sperm fertilize two separate egg cells.

What is the process of cleavage?

A series of mitotic divisions without cell growth.

What forms a morula?

A morula forms after cleavage through repeated mitotic divisions.

What is a zygote?

A fertilized egg that is diploid.

Define ectoderm.

The outer layer that develops into the nervous system and epidermis.

Define mesoderm.

The middle layer that develops into musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, and digestive systems.

What does the endoderm become?

The inner layer that develops into the epithelial lining of the digestive and respiratory systems.

What is neurulation?

The process of forming the nervous system, including the brain and spinal cord.

What is genotype?

The genetic makeup of an individual.

What is phenotype?

The physical characteristics of an organism.

What is an allele?

Alternative forms of a trait.

What does it mean to be homozygous dominant?

Having two dominant alleles for a trait.

What does it mean to be homozygous recessive?

Having two recessive alleles for a trait.

What does heterozygous mean?

Having two different alleles for a trait.

What is a Punnett square used for?

To predict the genotypes of offspring from parental crosses.

What is the inheritance pattern of X-linked traits?

Involves traits carried on the X chromosome, often affecting males more than females.

What is the example of colorblindness in terms of inheritance?

Colorblindness is X-linked recessive.

What is a pedigree chart?

A diagram that shows the occurrence of traits in several generations of a family.

How do we identify affected individuals in a pedigree?

Affected individuals are represented by a filled symbol.

What symbol represents males in a pedigree?

A square.

What symbol represents females in a pedigree?

A circle.

What does it mean if a trait is autosomal recessive?

It exhibits a trait only when two copies of the allele are present.

What does it mean if a trait is autosomal dominant?

It exhibits the trait if at least one dominant allele is present.

What does it mean if a trait is X-linked dominant?

It exhibits the trait if at least one dominant allele is present on an X chromosome.

What does X-linked recessive mean?

It exhibits the trait only if an individual has two recessive alleles on the X chromosomes.

What is the outcome of a cross between a carrier female and a colorblind male?

The offspring may inherit the trait of colorblindness.

What are the common outcomes of a Punnett square?

Percentage of offspring genotypes and phenotypes.