World History Final

What was the congress of Vienna and what did it aim to achieve?

The Congress of Vienna(1815) aimed to restore the balance of power in Europe after the Napoleonic Wars. It reinstated monarchies and established the concert of Europe to prevent future revolutions.

What was the significance of the1830 French Revolution?

It led to the overthrow of King Charles X and the establishment of the July Monarchy under Louis-Philippe, emphasizing constitutional governance.

What was the congress of Vienna and what did it aim to achieve?

The Congress of Vienna(1815) aimed to restore the balance of power in Europe after the Napoleonic Wars. It reinstated monarchies and established the concert of Europe to prevent future revolutions.

What was the significance of the1830 French Revolution?

It led to the overthrow of King Charles X and the establishment of the July Monarchy under Louis-Philippe, emphasizing constitutional governance.

What were the causes and effects of the Revolutions of 1848?

Causes included economic hardship, demand for political reform, and nationalism. Effects varied— some monarchies reestablished power, but ideas of democracy and nationalism persisted.

How did Otto von Bismarck unify Germany?

Bismarck used "blood and iron" policies, strategic wars (Denmark 1864, Austria 1866, France 1870-71), and diplomacy to unify Germany under Prussian leadership, culminating in the German Empire's proclamation in 1871.

Who was Giuseppe Garibaldi and what was his role in Italian unification?

Garibaldi was a nationalist leader who led the Red Shirts in conquering Sicily and Naples (1860), contributing to Italy’s unification under King Victor Emmanuel II.

How was Italy unified?

Led by Piedmont-Sardinia under Victor Emmanuel II and Prime Minister Cavour. Giuseppe Garibaldi’s Red Shirts helped conquer the south, and unification was completed in 1870 with the annexation of Rome.

What were the consequences of U.S. westward expansion?

The Louisiana Purchase, Texas annexation, and the Mexican-American War expanded U.S. territory but intensified conflicts over slavery, leading to the Civil War.

What was the significance of the Reform Acts of 1832 and 1867 in the U.K.?

They expanded voting rights, first to the middle class (1832) and later to working-class men (1867), marking steps toward democracy.

What role did Napoleon’s wars play in Latin American independence?

His occupation of Spain and Portugal weakened colonial control, allowing revolutionaries like Simon Bolivar and Jose de San Martin to lead successful independence movements.

How did the U.S. influence Panama’s separation from Colombia?

The U.S. supported Panama’s independence in 1903 to secure the Panama Canal, strengthening its influence in Latin America.

What were the causes and outcomes of the Mexican Revolution (1910-1920)?

Oppression under Porfirio Diaz led to uprisings by Madero, Villa, and Zapata. The revolution resulted in land reforms, a new constitution, and weakened oligarchic control.

What caused the Opium Wars (1839-1860)?

Britain’s illegal opium trade led to conflicts with China, forcing the Qing Dynasty to open ports to foreign powers and cede Hong Kong.

What was the Boxer Rebellion (1899-1901)?

An anti-foreign, anti-Christian uprising that led to a multinational military intervention and further weakened China’s Qing government.

What was the Meiji Restoration (1868)?

A period of rapid modernization where Japan adopted Western military, economic, and political models, transforming into an imperial power.

What were the effects of the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905)?

Japan’s victory over Russia established it as a dominant Asian power and weakened Russia’s global standing.

How did the Ottoman Empire lose influence in the Balkans?

Defeats in the Russo-Turkish War (1877-78) and Balkan Wars (1912-1913) led to the independence of Bulgaria, Serbia, and other nations.

Who were the Young Turks?

A reformist movement that seized power in 1908, modernizing the empire but failing to prevent its decline.

What reforms did Alexander II implement in Russia?

He freed the serfs in 1861, reformed the military and local government, but was assassinated in 1881, leading to conservative backlash.

What was the significance of the Trans-Siberian Railroad?

Completed in 1905, it connected European Russia with Asia, facilitating trade and military movement.

What defined the First Industrial Revolution (1750-1870)?

Steam engines, mechanized textiles, and early railroads transformed economies in Britain and Western Europe.

What were key innovations of the Second Industrial Revolution (1871-1914)?

Electricity, steel production, automobiles, and advances in physics and chemistry accelerated global industrialization.

How did Darwin’s theory of evolution influence society?

His ideas led to debates between science and religion and inspired Social Darwinism, which justified imperialism and economic competition.

What were the impacts of early socialist movements?

Advocated for worker protections, social insurance, and labor reforms, influencing modern welfare policies.

What was the purpose of the Berlin Conference (1884-1885)?

European powers divided Africa among themselves, disregarding indigenous boundaries and leading to long-term colonial exploitation.

How did British control impact India?

Economic exploitation, infrastructure development, and the 1857 Sepoy Rebellion led to direct British rule and the establishment of the Raj.

What was the Boer War (1899-1902)?

A conflict between British and Dutch settlers (Boers) in South Africa over control of rich resources, resulting in British victory but at great cost.

Which European nations controlled Indonesia before modern independence?

The Portuguese and later the Dutch, under the Dutch United East India Company

What was the Cultivation System in Dutch-controlled Indonesia?

A system where peasants had to dedicate 20% of their land or 60 days of labor per year to government crops. This system led to economic exploitation and famines, benefiting the Dutch economy at the expense of local farmers.

Who controlled the Philippines before and after the Spanish-American War?

Spain controlled the Philippines until 1898, after which the U.S. took control following the Spanish-American War.

How did France establish control over Vietnam?

Napoleon III initiated military campaigns, leading to French control over South Vietnam, later expanding to the north and Cambodia.

What was the "White Australia Policy"?

A set of laws designed to restrict non-European immigration to Australia.

How did British colonization affect the Aboriginal population of Australia?

It led to mass displacement, disease outbreaks, and violent conflicts, significantly reducing the Aboriginal population.

When did New Zealand become a British colony?

In 1840, with the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi.

What were the two major alliance systems before World War I?

The Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy) and the Triple Entente (Great Britain, France, Russia).

What event directly triggered the start of World War I?

The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary by Gavrilo Princip in 1914.