Theory of knowledge 3-4

Mental map

A personal mental picture of what is right or wrong

Epistemology

The philosophical study of how we know what we know and the difference between justified belief and opinion

Contestable

When a question or a topic has multiple possible answers

Dialectical

A method of argument that involves a disagreement between opposing sides

Thesis

A proposition

Antithesis

The negation of thesis

Synthesis

Placing together of different parts or elements to form a connected whole

Cognitive tools

The mental process of acquiring knowledge (sense, memory, imagination, experience, rational thought)

Practical/material tools

The device used to complement cognition such as a phone

Empiricist

A school of thought which claims all knowledge must be based on sense perception

Rationality

The ability to Reason and think clearly, sensibly or logically

Logic

A system of rules that govern reason

Empathy

The ability to imagine and understand the feeling and viewpoint of a person

Fantasy

An escape form of imagination which is not really connectedto the real world

Realistic imagination

Imagination which is guided by the relevant facts

Creativity

The ability to generate ideas or produce objects that are original

Personal memory

The internal recollection of various events that make up our lives

Factual memory

Our memory of meanings, facts and information

Practical memory

The remembered ability to know how to do something, such as playing the pianon

Premises

Assumption on which an argument is based, or from which a conclusion is drawn

Deductive reasoning

Reasoning from the general to the particular

Syllogism

A Deductive argument with two premises and a conclusion

Truth

A philosophical Concept

Validity

The property of an argument in which the conclusion follows logically from the premises

Valid

An argument that follows logically from the premises

Invalid

An argument that does not follow logically from the premises

Sound

The property of syllogism that contains two true premises and a valid argument

Certain knowledge

A state of affairs when we can be definite that something is the case

Abductive reasoning

Reasoning that infers the best explanation basedon the evidence available

Infers

To come to a conclusion reached on the basis of evidence and reasoning

Ethics

A branch of knowledge to do with right and wrong, the study of the moral principles

Rule of thumb

An approximation based on experience

Virtue ethics

The theory that an ethical action is performed by a virtuous person

Deontological ethics

The belief that ethics is a fundamentally matter of doing your duty and fulfilling your obligations

Moral absolutism

The belief that there is at least one universal moral principle which should be always followed

Rule worship

Blindly following moral rules

Teleological

Based on the idea that we know if an action is ethical based on the results archived

Utilitarianism

The belief that ethics can ultimately be reduced to the principle that we should maximise happiness well being

Happiness

Well being, health, security, independence

Hedonic calculus

Measuring the intensity,Certaint, purity of pleasure or pain caused by an action

Primary emotions

Universal emotions: happiness, sadness,anger,fear, disgust, surprise

Secondary emotions

Mixture of emotions

Wisdom or repugnance

The claim that we can validity appeal to our feelings of disgust to justify our moral beliefs

Wise natural fallacy

The value Assumption that because something is natural it is therefore good

Conspiracy theories

Either a denial that an event took place or the belief in an explanation for an event based on the idea that there was a deliberate and secret agency of people or organisations

Dogmatism

A tendency tonlwy down principles asundeniably true without consideration of evidence

Correspondence theory

The theory that a statement is true if it corresponds to a fact

Coherence theory

The theory that a proposition is true if it fits in with our beliefs

Pragmatic theory

Th3 theory that truths are beliefs wh8ch have been scientifically verified

Concensus theory

The theory that truth is based on a set of beliefs that the majority agrees on

Pluralist theory

The theory that there are multiple truths

Communism

An ideology which advocates that all property is communally owner. The government is the authority

Post truth

Relating circumstances in which objective facts are less influential in shaping public opinion

Deep fake

The uss of A.I to create fake videos of creating the false impressiom of authenticity

Neutral

Unbiased

Explanation

A Justification or a reason that explains why an e event took place

Dunning kruger effect

A cognitive bias where we find it difficult to know the limit of our knowledge