Brain and Behavior Course Review

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Flashcards from Brain and Behavior Lecture Notes

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120 Terms

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Nervous System

Consists of central and peripheral divisions, incorporating both motor and sensory nerves; further divided into somatic and autonomic nervous systems.

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Motor Nerves

Central nervous system outputs.

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Sensory Nerves

Central nervous system inputs.

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Somatic and Autonomic Nervous System

Divisions of the Peripheral Nervous System utilizing cranial and spinal nerves.

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Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Branches

Branches of the autonomic nervous system that operate in opposition; one prepares the body for action, the other tells the body to relax and recuperate.

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Enteric Branch

Operates relatively independently within the gastrointestinal tract and does not primarily rely on spinal or cranial nerves.

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Central Nervous System

Consists of the brain and the spinal cord.

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Cerebrum

Divided into left and right hemispheres, containing a cerebral cortex and key subcortical structures.

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Frontal Lobe

Responsible for executive functions.

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Parietal Lobe

Responsible for spatial cognition.

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Temporal Lobe

Responsible for learning, memory, and auditory processing.

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Occipital Lobe

Responsible for visual processing.

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Essential Gyrus

Important for motor control and is located in the frontal lobe.

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Post Central Gyrus

Important for mediating sensory information and is located in the parietal lobe.

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Brainstem Regions

Involved in less conscious processing, including life-sustaining functions.

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Cerebellum

Responsible for coordinating voluntary movements as well as maintaining balance and posture.

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Basal Ganglia and Limbic System

Clusters of subcortical structures that make up important brain systems.

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Neurons

Primary information processors and transmitters in the nervous system.

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Dendrites

Function as the input zone.

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Axon Hillock

Functions as the integration zone.

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Axon

Is the conduction zone.

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Axon Terminals

Act as the output zone.

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Neurons

Communicate via neurotransmitters released across synapses, facilitated by synaptic vesicles in the axon terminals.

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Anterograde Transport

Moves materials towards axon terminals.

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Retrograde Transport

Moves materials toward the cell body.

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Oligodendrocytes

Essential for myelinated axons, which enhances the speed of electrical impulses.

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Neurons

Communicate internally via electrical signals of action potentials and between each other through chemical signals of neurotransmitters.

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Resting Membrane Potential

State of readiness, with the neuron more negative inside compared to outside.

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Generation of Action Potentials

Occurs at the integration zone.

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Depolarization

The cell becomes less negative inside.

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Action Potentials

Process that either occurs fully or not at all, with intensity conveyed by firing rate.

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Propagation of Action Potentials

Directional flow and prevented from traveling backwards by refractory periods.

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Cells

Restore their resting potential through passive and active mechanisms, including the use of the sodium-potassium pump.

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EPSPs

Positive membrane potential shifts triggered by sodium influx, leading to depolarization and action potentials if the threshold is reached.

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IPSPs

Negative membrane potential shifts caused by chloride influx, resulting in hyperpolarization and inhibition of action potential firing.

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Spatial Summation

Refers to the integration of postsynaptic potentials from different locations on the dendritic tree.

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Temporal Summation

Refers to the integration of postsynaptic potentials occurring close in time at the same location.

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Ionotropic Receptors

Are ligand gated ion channels.

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Metabotropic Receptors

Are G-protein coupled receptors upon binding of a neurotransmitter.

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Ionotropic Receptors

Enable rapid, direct responses essential for immediate actions.

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Metabotropic Receptors

Provide slower, longer lasting modulation of cellular activities.

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GABA

The major inhibitory neurotransmitter.

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Glutamate

The main excitatory neurotransmitter.

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Acetylcholine

Neurotransmitter that was the first to be identified.

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Dopamine

Is involved in reward, cognition, emotions, behavior, and motivation.

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Norepinephrine

Modulates processes that include arousal, mood, and sexual behavior.

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Serotonin

Is implicated in sleep states, mood, sexual behavior, and anxiety.

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Prozac

Slows clearance of serotonin from synapses by inhibiting reuptake into axon terminals.

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Drugs

Chemicals that change the normal functioning of neurotransmitters at the synapse.

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Agonists

Occupy and activate receptors allowing for receptor activation.

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Antagonists

Occupy and block receptors allowing no activation.

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Reuptake Inhibitors

Blocks the reuptake of neurotransmitters from the synapse back up into the presynaptic terminal.

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Receptor Cells

Convert electrical energy from a stimulus into a change in membrane potential in a receptive cell.

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Primary Somatosensory Cortex

Area that senses the body, and its map is a map of the body.

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Auditory Pathways

Has a pitch-base map that starts in the cochlea and maintained throughout the auditory pathways.

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Bottom Level of Motor System

Contains the skeletal system or our bones and the muscles attached to the base determine which movements are possible.

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Spinal Cord

Hierarchy that manages skeletal muscles in response to sensory information.

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Brainstem

Integrates motor commands from higher cortical areas and transmits them to the spinal cord.

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Primary Motor Cortex

Where main commands for actions are initiated.

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Pyramidal System

Network of neurons in the cerebral cortex and their axons, which form the pyramidal tract to the spinal cord.

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Premotor Cortex

Involved in movements in response to external influences.

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Supplementary Motor Area

Important for planning movements that are internally generated.

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Cerebellum in the Supplementary Motor Area

Monitor ongoing activity to produce smooth movements.

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Basal Ganglia

Works with the motor cortex to initiate and terminate movements.

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Classical Pavlovian Conditioning

Involves an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) and an unconditioned response (UCR)

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Engram

Neural concept first considered as far back as the 1920s by Carl Lashley.

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Working Memory

Ability to process and transform information in memory.

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Long Term Memory

Capacity to retain information and use it for adaptive purposes.

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Neuroplasticity

Term used to describe the way that the brain can change, particularly as a result of experience.

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Simplest Form of Neoplastic Change

Change to synaptic transmission, or the ability of the presynaptic neuron to influence the postsynaptic neuron.

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Interneurons

Coordination of firing from networks of cells that enhances synaptic transmission and the formation of new networks that are involved in the formation of memories.

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Another Form of Neuroplasticity

Formation of new synapses, or synaptic genesis.

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Pruning

Process where cells that are not activated very often are pruned or lost.

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First Experiments on Long Term Potentiation

Experiments conducted in anaesthetized rabbits which had two sets of electrodes placed into the hippocampus.

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Cognitive Attribution Theory

Theory proposed that our emotional experience results from the cognitive analysis of the context around us, which includes our physiological responses.

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Stress

Any circumstance which upsets homeostatic balance.

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Having Static Balance

Maintained constant temperature, stable blood sugar levels, a mental alertness, moisture, and so on.

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Stress-induced Response

Referred to as the fight or flight system.

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Study of the Stress Response

Military recruits who are training in parachute jumps over a period of weeks.

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Hunger and Satiety

All animals have mechanisms to keep physical systems in a steady, optimal state.

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Negative Feedback

Regulatory mechanism in which a change in a physiological variable triggers a response that counteracts the initial change, thereby maintaining a stable internal environment.

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Digestion

Breaks food down into smaller chemicals that the body can use.

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Adaptation in the Context of Basal Metabolic Rate

Is the body's ability to adjust its metabolic rate in responses to changes in the environment.

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Hypothalamic Appetite Controller

Is a complex network of cells within the hypothalamus that integrates various signals to regulate hunger and satiety.

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Ozempic

Used in diabetes management and mimics GLP-1 increases insulin production.

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Thyroxine

Drugs that increases body temperature and therefore basal metabolic rate.

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Pharmacological Interventions for Weight Control

Are drugs that target a number of processes.

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Treatment for Drug Addiction

Are targeted at reducing the consequences of withdrawal or increasing positive coping strategies.

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Anxiety Disorders

Includes social phobias, specific phobias, panic disorders, OCD, and PTSD.

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Antidepressants

Drugs that increase central nervous system serotonin levels are effective for OCD.

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Benzodiazepines

Enhance their activity and hence calm the brain are effective for panic type disorders.

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Unipolar Depression

Those with a consistently low mood, with a loss of loss of pleasure in most activities.

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Bipolar Depression

Have periods of very high and very low moods.

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MAO Inhibitors

Drugs that prolong neurotransmitter functioning in synapses, alleviate depressive symptoms.

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Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs)

Also affect catecholamine levels and synapses by inhibiting reuptake.

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Noradrenaline Reuptake Blockers

Also block serotonin reuptake.

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Permissive Hypothesis

Popular theory that looks at the idea that low serotonin, to start with, upsets noradrenaline balance, which leads to lower noradrenaline and depression.

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Psychosis

Is a set of symptoms where a person's mental capacity, affective response and capacity to recognize reality, communicate and relate to others is impaired.

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Dopamine Hypothesis

Hypothesizes hyperactive dopamine D2 receptors in the media limbic pathway.

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Serotonin Hypothesis

States of psychosis: hypothesizes hyper function.