The American Journey Chapter 30

Plessy v. Ferguson

Supreme Court case which established separate but equal & led to Jim Crow laws

Jim Crow laws

Southern laws which separated the races after Plessy v. Ferguson

Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)

An organization founded by MLK Jr., to direct the crusade against segregation. Its weapon was passive resistance that stressed nonviolence and love, and its tactic direct, though peaceful, confrontation.

Cold War Politics

The world was spilt into three factions, those with the USA, the first world, those with the Soviets, the 2nd world, and everyone else; the 3rd world. The 3rd world were typically poor and underdeveloped countries which is how we use the term today

George Kennan

He was an American diplomat and ambassador best known as "the father of containment" and as a key figure in the emergence of the Cold War.

"Containment"

a U.S. foreign policy adopted by President Harry Truman in the late 1940s, in which the United States tried to stop the spread of communism by creating alliances and helping weak countries to resist Soviet advances

Appeasement

A policy of giving into the demands of a hostile power in order to avoid conflict and maintain peace

The National Security Act of 1947

The primary purpose of which agency is to oversee the foreign policy establishment, iron out the differences among the key players in foreign policy and to integrate their positions in order to help the president make his foreign policy?

Central Intelligence Agency

An agency created after World War II to coordinate American intelligence activities abroad. It became involved in intrigue, conspiracy, and meddling as well.

Bay of Pigs

In April 1961, a group of Cuban exiles organized and supported by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency landed on the southern coast of Cuba in an effort to overthrow Fidel Castro. When the invasion ended in disaster, President Kennedy took full responsibility for the failure.

Cuban Missile Crisis

(JFK) , , an international crisis in October 1962, the closest approach to nuclear war at any time between the U.S. and the USSR. When the U.S. discovered Soviet nuclear missiles on Cuba, President John F. Kennedy demanded their removal and announced a naval blockade of the island; the Soviet leader Khrushchev acceded to the U.S. demands a week later, on condition that US doesn't invade Cuba

Civil Rights Act

1964; banned discrimination in public acomodations, prohibited discrimination in any federally assisted program, outlawed discrimination in most employment; enlarged federal powers to protect voting rights and to speed school desegregation; this and the voting rights act helped to give African-Americans equality on paper, and more federally-protected power so that social equality was a more realistic goal

Space Race

a competition of space exploration between the United States and Soviet Union

Nuclear Test Ban Treaty

(JFK) 1963, Wake of Cuban Missile Crisis (climax of Cold War, closest weve ever come to nuclear war) Soviets & US agree to prohibit all above-ground nuclear tests, both nations choose to avoid annihilating the human race w/ nuclear war, France and China did not sign

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

1964 Congressional resolution that authorized President Johnson to commit US troops to south vietnam and fight a war against north Vietnam

Kennedy's Foreign Policy

Possible Short Answer Question: Understand his main points of his foreign policy

24th Amendment

Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1964) eliminated the poll tax as a prerequisite to vote in national elections.

15th Amendment

Citizens cannot be denied the right to vote because of race, color , or precious condition of servitude

Freedom Riders

Group of civil rights workers who took bus trips through southern states in 1961 to protest illegal bus segregation

Freedom Summer

In 1964, when blacks and whites together challenged segregation and led a massive drive to register blacks to vote.

Sit-ins

protests by black college students, 1960-1961, who took seats at "whites only" lunch counters and refused to leave until served; in 1960 over 50,000 participated in sit-ins across the South. Their success prompted the formation of the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee.

Dr. Martin Luther King

United States civil rights leader and Baptist minister who campaigned against the segregation of Blacks (1929-1968). He preached non-violence and was assassinated by James Earl Ray.

Malcom X

African American leader who helped to inspire the Black Power movement - believed that African Americans should have the right to defend themselves, using violence if necessary.

Thurgood Marshall

American civil rights lawyer, first black justice on the Supreme Court of the United States. Marshall was a tireless advocate for the rights of minorities and the poor.

Orval Faubus

Arkansas governor who called out the National Guard to prevent nine black students from entering Little Rock's Central High School under federal court order.

Rosa Parks

A black seamstress and the Montgomery NAACP's secretary who became famous for her refusal to stand on a bus when a white man wished to sit, and was subsequently arrested. This began a city-wide boycott of the bus system, which was highly detrimental to those companies and set a movement in place to remove transportation segregation as well.

Congress On Racial Equality

A leading organization in the civil rights movement. CORE launched the Freedom Riders and came under the influence of the Black Power philosophy.

Birmingham, AL

site of protests where students and children were beaten, arrested and jailed for non-violent civil rights marches

Medgar Evers

Director of the NAACP in Mississippi and a lawyer who defended accused Blacks, he was murdered in his driveway by a member of the Ku Klux Klan.

'63 March on Washington

civil rights event which led to the creation of the Civil Rights Act of '64

Watts Riots of '65

Riots in LA which occurred because of police brutality & prejudice

Nation of Islam

Black American Muslim organization that spoke out against integration and wanted more black empowerment.

Black Panthers

A black political organization that was against peaceful protest and for violence if needed. The organization marked a shift in policy of the black movement, favoring militant ideals rather than peaceful protest.

Civil Disobediance

the form of protest that calls on people to disobey unjust laws

Peace Corps

(JFK) , volunteers who help third world nations and prevent the spread of communism by getting rid of poverty, Africa, Asia, and Latin America

Alliance for Progress

(JFK) 1961, a program in which the United States tried to help Latin American countries overcome poverty and other problems, money used to aid big business and the military

Berlin Wall

A wall separating East and West Berlin built by East Germany in 1961 to keep citizens from escaping to the West

Containment in Vietnam

1. Communist leader Ho Chi Minh gained popularity in
North Vietnam; By 1961, he gained a foothold in the
South
2. U.S. gave aid to unpopular South leader Ngo Dihn Diem

3. Diem lost control of the South, JFK gave the OK for a
coup against Diem in 1963

U-2 spy plane

U.S. spy plane shot down over the USSR which ended a move toward "rapprochement" at the end of the Eisenhower administration.

Kennedy's Foreign Policy

- Believed in peace that did not have to be enforced with
weapons of war

- Believed in peace for Americans and for all men and
women around the world

March on Washington

held in 1963 to show support for the Civil Rights Bill in Congress. Martin Luther King gave his famous "I have a dream..." speech. 250,000 people attended the rally

Kennedy Assasination

ON November 22, 1963 he was assasinated in dallas texas in the back of a convertable limosine. Lee Harvy Oslwald was charged with the murder. Impacts were: huge emotional response from country, everyone was hurt, and especially the youh who looked up to him. This started the dont trust the government, and the hippe movement. But it also helped the space program. We learned our government is very sturdy

Warren Court

Earl Warren; the chief justice that overturned Plessy v. Ferguson in Brown v. Board of Education (1954); he was the first justice to help the civil rights movement, judicial activism

LBJ

..., Vise President to JFK,1963-1969, deomcrat, passed civil rights act of 64, included a program called Great Society, presidency based on vietnam war, passed Gulf of Tonkin and said "to take any measures nessesary",decided to escalate American involvement in Vietnam, proved to be extremely unpopular

Vietnam

..., a prolonged war (1954-1975) between the communist armies of North Vietnam who were supported by the Chinese and the non-communist armies of South Vietnam who were supported by the United States