APUSH Unit 2: 1754-1800

I recommend using learn mode of flashcard mode and reply with definition to practice active recall! This was based on the reading guides 5-8a and covers CONCEPTS, not necessarily terms.

Ohio Valley Significance

Was a border between Europeans and natives; “middle ground”

Seven Year’s War Causes

Ohio company wanted land, threatening Indians in the region; George Washington set it in action when he attacked a diplomatic party

Seven Years’ War Impact

Changed land ownership dramatically, ended French North American empire; led to fighting amongst British and Natives, made Natived more dependent on British; also created heightened collective identity for colonists

Pontiac’s Rebellion

Indian rebellion against British near end of 7 years’ war b/c they wanted freedom

Proclamation of 1763

Ended Pontiac’s Rebellion, giving Indians land west of the Appalachians and banned sale of Indian laborers; made many angry and worsened conflicts

Seven Years’ War ramifications

Left Britain with debt and much more overseas land; colonists were treated as allies during the war but after reverted back to mercantilist colonies

Virtual Representation

Theory that representatives in Parliament repped the whole empire and not just a district

Writs of Assistance

Allowed for more searching to prevent smuggling among colonists, made their liberties feel violated

Sugar Act

Reduced tax on molasses into NA from the West Indies, seen as an attempt to get colonists to pay a levy

Stamp Act

Required all printed materials to have a stamp, offended people, especially those who sold paper

American ideas of tax and rep

“No taxation without representation”; but Parliament taxed colonists anyway

Committee of Correspondence

Colonists met to oppose the British acts (sugar, etc.), significant BECAUSE many colonies came together against the British

Sons of Liberty vs Regulators

Sons of Liberty boycotted British imports, opposing the stamp act; Regulators protests lack of local gov and the taxes, were violent and assaulted homes → nonimportation to boycott British good

Boston Massacre

Colonists and British conflict, Crispus Attucks = “first martyr of Revolution”

First Continental Congress

Coordinated resistance of the intolerable acts and had delegated from different colonies

Committees of Safety

led by Congress to locally implement mandates; gave more people political power

Lexington and Concord

“shot heard round the war”, started the war for American Independence

Battle of Yorktown

Many French fought w/Americans, Cornwallis surrendered 8k men; started peace negotiations

Second Continental Congress

Authorized raising of Continental army w/Washington as commander in chief

Declaration of Independence

“sparked” American Revolution, had unalienable rights; rights of mankind over rights of Englishmen

Impact of War for Independence on slaves

Offered some freedom for joining the British, allowed more to run away and be free

War in South

The British took advantage of social conflicts here, turning colonists against each other

Treaty of Paris

Gave America Independence and control

Abigail Adams and the Revolution

Helped to demonstrate how revolutions enlarge the public sphere and inspired other groups to question authority

American Revolution and social order

In the colonies, social order alighted with authority and inequality, but the revolution linked American Freedom and equality

Republic

No king or aristocracy; relying on the consent of the governed and the “public good”; after becoming independent, states became republics and adopted constitutions

Effects of revolution on religion

Weakened anti-Catholic sentiment, Enlightenment led to more skepticism, diversified American Christianity

Separation of church and state

Based on Jefferson’s ideas of Liberty; rights are private matters. Colonial leaders weren’t hostile to religion b/c religion and republicanism had similar ideas of moral restraint for a free society

Effects of the revolution on the economy

Less indentured servitude and apprenticeship b/c increase in wages workers and servants had escaped; enormous inflation b/c of costs and lots of money printed for war

Social conditions of freedom

equal land distribution and overall equality; no fixed social classes

Effects of war on Loyalists

Loyalists were often people depending on Britain for work, or fearing Independence; after the war, they were banished to Canada, helping to inspire rebellions there

Effects of war on Indians

Loss of Liberty, with many being displaced; power shifted from the Indians to the Americans, and the British left them with little support

Effects of the revolution on slavery

Slavery continued after war,, but slaves wanted freedom. Freedom

Beginning of Abolition

Slaves presented freedom petitions to NE courts ; people began doing voluntary emancipations, and the North took concrete steps toward emancipation; Free Black Communities emerged

Effects of the revolution on women

Women contributed to the struggle by supplying goods and funds; still viewed as husband’s domain w/coverture; however, did have republican motherhood, where women helped to train and educate future citizens

Articles of Confederation

First drafted by Congress, then ratified by the states; made national gov a perpetual union; had one congress with 1 vote per state; gave national government power to do many things; unanimous vote by states to amend Articles required

Pressures and problems of settling land in the West

Some people claimed tracts of land in the West, but there were many Indians there. Also, leaders feared warfare with the Indians, viewing settlers as disorderly; they wanted a better class of settlers.

Ordinances of 1784 and 1785

1784 divided West not districts governed by Congress. 1785 regulated land sales North of Ohio River; control and concentrate settlement and raise money for Congress

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Called for eventual establishment of 3-5 states North of the Ohio river and east of the Mississippi; enacted Empire of Liberty, where US admitted West to itself. ALso said Indian land wouldn’t be taken w/o consent, prohibited slavery in Old Northwest unsuccessfully

Shay’s Rebellion

Caused by indebted farmers not wanting land to be seized b'/c they didn’t pay taxes; led influential Americans to want to strengthen the nat gov to have uniform economic policies and protect property owners

Constitutional Convention

55 prominent men gathering with experience and wealth; well-educated

New Jersey vs Virginia Plan

Virginia proposed bicameral legislature with representatives determined by population, and New Jersey proposed one house with 1 vote per state

Constitution of US changes and effects

Established Federalism (relationship between nat gov and states, strengthening federal power, as well as checks and balances. Solved issues of articles of confederation’s issues by giving Congress more power

Effects of Constitution on slavery

Didn’t explicitly say ‘slave”, but prohibited Congress from stopping importation for next 20 years, requires states to return runaways to owners, and had 3/5ths clause for representation

Federalist Arguments

Hamilton, Madison, and Jay all federalists; Constitution protected liberties, government was an expansion of freedom, US was diverse and therefore the gov should be based on will of people

Anti-Federalist arguments

Constitution made too strong of a central gov; afraid it protected slavery too much or that it would lead to abolition. Also afraid it might favor the wealthy and wanted BILL OF RIGHTS

Bill of Rights

Provided freedoms (speech, press, religion, against unjust criminal procedures); 1st amendment limited Congress’ powers, 9th amendment said people retained rights not specifically mentioned; DEFINED UNALIENABLE RIGHTS FROM CONSTITUTION

Exclusion of Indians and Slaves effects on American Nationality

Showed that to be American, you had to commit yourself to liberty, equality, and democracy, but also fit civic and ethnic standards

Annuity System

Resulted from Treaty of Greenville, in which Indian tribes ceded most of Ohio and Indiana to fed gov; annuity system gave yearly grants of federal money to Indians, giving outsiders control over their lives

Naturalization Act of 1790

Allowed immigrants to become citizens, but not “open immigration”l only allowed most white people to be naturalized

Thomas Jefferson beliefs

No groups were fixed or born into state of inferiority; felt Indians were naturally equal to rights, however, felt that black people were naturally inferior and disloyal

Hamilton’s goals as Head of Treasury

Establish financial stability, have the most powerful financial interest to help the US gov, and encourage economic development; also wanted US to be a major commercial and military power

Pros and Cons of Hamilton’s five-part program

Supported by American financiers, manufactures, and merchants b/c it was based on close ties with Britain; James and Madison opposed it because they felt westward expansion was more important

1790 Hamilton and Jefferson dinner bargain

Agreed to building a permanent national capitol between Maryland and Virginia

Impacts of French Revolution on US

Created greater political divisions b/c Jefferson felt it was a historic victory to be defended; Washington and Hamilton felt it was anarchy and that America should be closer with Britain

Jay’s Treaty impacts

It contained no British concessions on impressment or the rights of American shipping, sharpened political divisions, leading to formation of organized opposition party (during Washington’s presidency)

Federalists vs Republicans

Federalists were prosperous merchants, farmers, and lawyers believing in 18th century fixed hierarchy; wanted men of economic substance in office, feared spirits of Liberty. Republicans were wealthy southern planters, ordinary farmers; wanted boisterous sea of Liberty, critical of inequality, wanted broad democratic participation

Whiskey Rebellion

Pennsylvania farmers wanted to block collection of tax on spirits; first time the president commanded American army in field

Expanding the public sphere

Allowed more opportunities for people to express their thoughts and be involved in politics; included women

XYZ Affair Significance

Poisoned US relations with former ally France, made US ally of GB. Hamilton wanted declaration of war, but Adams negotiated peace w/France

Alien and Sedition acts of 1798

Unconstitutional; Alien extended residency requirement for immigrants to be citizens, and allowed deportation for “dangerous” people; Sedition act banned assemblies and publications critical of US gov

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions significance

Argued the Sedition act violated 1st amendment, political propaganda, united Democratic-Reppublicans

Jefferson and election of 1800 significane

Won b/c of opposition to A&S acts, had republicans on his side, used techniques; had Hamilton’s support and slaves skewed voted; set precedent for peaceful transfer of power, led to downfall of federalists

12th Amendment

Required voters to vote for prez and vice prez as a package deal

American response to Haitian Revolution

Gained hope for freedom, thousands of refugees from Haiti entered US; reinforced fears of slave insurrection!!

Gabriel’s Rebellion significance

1800, VA slaves planned uprising for freedom, stopped before it could happen. Resulted in blacks not being able to congregate w/o supervision and masters couldn’t free slaves