A & P II

Endocrine, Blood, Autonomic NS,

The process of blood cell production

Hemopoiesis

The percentage of total blood volume occupied by red blood cells is called the:

Hematocrit

A person with type AB blood has which antigens on their red blood cells?

Both A and B antigens

Which plasma protein is primarily responsible for maintaining osmotic pressure in blood capillaries?

Albumin

A patient has a vitamin K deficiency. What aspect of hemostasis would be most affected?

Synthesis of clotting factors

Which white blood cells are classified as granular leukocytes?

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

What is the immediate response when an artery is damaged?

Vascular spasm

A marathon runner trains at high altitude for several months. How would this affect their blood?

Increased red blood cell production

What is the straw-colored liquid that remains after blood clots and the clot is removed?

Serum

During erythropoiesis, what cell type immediately precedes the mature red blood cell?

Reticulocyte

Which statement correctly describes a receptor antagonist?

It binds to and blocks a receptor and prevents the natural neurotransmitter from exerting its effect.

Which two regions of the brain serve as the main regulators of the autonomic nervous system?

Hypothalamus and medulla oblongata

What is the term for sensory receptors located in blood vessels, visceral organs, and muscles that monitor conditions in the internal environment?

Interoceptors

Which specialized cells of the adrenal medullae secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine?

Chromaffin cells

Parasympathetic preganglionic axons synapse with postganglionic neurons in which type of ganglion?

Terminal Ganglia

In an experiment a drug blocks nicotinic receptors in all autonomic ganglia. What is the predicted result?

Transmission fails from preganglionic to postganglionic neurons in both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.

What are the two types of cholinergic receptors?

Nicotinic and muscarinic receptors

The parasympathetic division of the ANS is commonly referred to by which name?

Rest-and-Digest division

Which statement best explains why parasympathetic preganglionic axons are long while parasympathetic postganglionic axons are short?

Terminal ganglia lie close to or within the wall of the effector organ

Where are the prevertebral ganglia located?

Anterior to the vertebral column and close to the large abdominal arteries

Collateral ganglia are also called prevertebral ganglia because of what feature?

They are situated anterior to the vertebral column.

Distension of the stomach increases motility even when connections to the CNS are absent. What does this demonstrate?

A short reflex can operate entirely within the wall of the digestive tract without CNS involvement

Why are systemic blood vessels described as being under sympathetic tone?

The parasympathetic system has no significant input to systemic blood vessels, so the sympathetic system alone determines their tone

Nicotine binds only the nicotinic receptor and muscarine only the muscarinic receptor; yet acetylcholine binds both. Which comparison captures this relationship?

Acetylcholine acts like a master key that opens both locks while nicotine and muscarine each open only one

Which pathway produces pupillary dilation in dim light?

The sympathetic system projects from the upper thoracic cord to the superior cervical ganglion and releases norepinephrine onto the radial fibers of the iris.

Preganglionic parasympathetic fibers traveling in the oculomotor nerve terminate in which ganglion?

The ciliary ganglion

You can feel a large bolus of food moving through the esophagus but cannot feel your blood pressure rising. What best explains this difference?

Visceral senses reach conscious awareness only when strong enough, and only a small region of the sensory homunculus is allotted to internal stimuli.

What is the name of the cells in the adrenal medulla that are contacted directly by preganglionic sympathetic fibers?

Chromaffin cells

Which tissues are controlled by the autonomic nervous system?

Cardiac muscle; smooth muscle; and glandular tissue.

Which pathway produces pupillary constriction in bright light?

The parasympathetic system signals from the Edinger‑Westphal nucleus through the oculomotor nerve to the ciliary ganglion and releases acetylcholine onto the circular fibers of the iris.

Which blood type is considered the universal donor for red blood cells?

Type O Negative

Which plasma protein is essential for blood clotting?

Fibrinogen

What triggers the release of erythropoietin from the kidneys?

A decrease in the oxygen level reaching the kidney tissue

Which leukocyte develops into a macrophage after leaving the bloodstream?

Monocyte

Correct sequence of steps of homeostasis

Vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, and blood coagulation

A patient's skin and eyes appear yellow and blood tests show excessive breakdown of erythrocytes. Which substance is most likely accumulating?

Bilirubin

All formed elements of the blood arise from which cell?

The hematopoietic stem cell also called the hemocytoblast.

Why is type AB positive blood described as the universal recipient?

It has A, B, and RH antigens and has no antibodies against any major blood type.

What is the approximate lifespan of a circulation erythrocyte?

120 days