Lecture 4: Genetics
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22 Terms
Crossing Over
Results in recombination of the chromosomes; important source of new genetic combinations. Only happens in Meiosis
Nondisjunction error
Error within meiosis; one cell receives both copies of chromosomes and the sister cell receives none.
Trisomy
An extra copy of a chromosome
Monosomy
Only one copy of a chromosome
Translocation error
Occurs when non-homologous chromosomes exchange segments.
Structural gene
Codes for a protein that directly contributes to the structure or function of a cell. Always on unless turned off by other genes.
Regulatory gene
Codes for a protein that controls the expression of other genes, acting as a switch to turn on genes on or off depending on a cell’s needs.
allele
Different versions of a gene
Dichotomous variation
2 alternate phenotypes for traits
Genotype
Unique set of genes, inherited from bio-parents
phenotype
Observable characteristics, like appearance, behavior, and development.
Mendel’s law of segregation
During meiosis, chromosomes segregate randomly so that each sex cell receives one or the other with equal likelihood.
Mendel’s law of independent assortment
During meiosis, chromosomes sort independently of each other.
Dominant vs Recessive vs Codominant
Dominant alleles mask the effect of recessive alleles. Must have two recessive alleles before the trait is expressed.
Linkage
Genes that are located physically close to each other on the same chromosome are more likely to be inherited as a pair.
assortment
recombination
The result of crossover during meiosis.
quantitative variation
Mendelian genetics alone is not enough to discuss this.
qualitative variation
Mendelian genetics is the most useful when studying this, traits that can be observed in the phenotype.
heritability
The proportion of a total phenotypic variability observed for a given trait that can be described to genetic factors.
polygenic traits
Traits that are controlled by more than one gene
epigenetics
The set of chemical tags that are attached to a gene in a cell