402 Bonds, ions, polarity

Covalent, ionic and hydrogen bonds. Polar and non-polar

What is the bond typically between a metal and non-metal?

Ionic bond

What is the bond typically between 2 non-metals

Covalent bond

How are ionic bonds formed?

Elements gain or lose electrons to give ionic compounds

What is a covalent bond?

Intramolecular bond of elements sharing electrons

What are cations?

Positively charged particles formed by losing electrons

What are anions?

Negatively charged particles formed by gaining electrons

If a atom gains an electron, then a …. ion is formed?

Negative

If a atom loses an electron, then a …. ion is formed?

Positive

What is an ionic bond?

The force of attraction between an anion and a cation

What is an electrolyte?

A substance that forms ions in and aqueous solution i.e when dissolved in water

What is the structural formula for HCl?

Linear

What is the structural formula for H₂O?

V-shaped, bent

What is the structural formula for NH₃?

Pyramid

What is the structural formula for CH₄?

Tetrahedral

What is the structural formula for CO₂?

Linear

What is hydrogen bonding?

Intermolecular forces between polar molecules like water are called dipole-dipole interactions or hydrogen bonds

Polar solvents dissolve ionic or polar solutes. These are called…?

Hydrophilic solutes

Non-polar solvents are usually organic compounds that dissolve non-polar solutes. These are called

Hydrophobic solutes

Examples of polar substances

Water, alcohol

Examples of hydrophilic solutes in the body

Sodium chloride, glucose, ionic compounds, vitamins B and C

Examples of non-polar substances

Petrol, ether, kerosene, oil

Examples of hydrophobic solutes in the body

Fats, oils, vitamins D, E, K, and A

What is the most electronegative element?

Fluorine

How is polar bond formed?

If an electron pair in a covalent bond is not equally attracted to each atom, then a polar covalent bond is formed

What are the differences between hydrogen and covalent bonds?

A covalent bond is formed between atoms that are sharing valence electrons while a hydrogen bond is formed through attractive forces between 2 polar molecules i.e. hydrogen and oxygen (water).

Covalent bonds are intramolecular bonds and are stronger, whereas hydrogen bonds are intermolecular and weaker than covalent bonds.