Chapter 25

pericardium

outer protective sacs surrounding the heart; helps with anchoring

myocardium

thick, middle layer of ♡ wall made of cardiac muscle which contracts to pump blood

endocardium

inner lining of the ♡ chamber and valves reduces turbulence and friction for smooth blood flow

endocarditis 

inflammation of the inner lining of the ♡ valves, usually caused by bacteria entering the blood stream, symptoms of fever, anemia, weakness, ♡ murmur

lymphatic purposes

fluid recovery, immune system support, absorbing dietary fats

spleen

filters blood

tonsils

filter mucus and saliva

thymus 

produces and matures immune cells especially T lympocytes 

ischemia

insufficient blood flow to a tissue or organ → lack of O2 and nutrients needed for normal function → necrosis (tissue death)

rheumatic fever

serious autoimmune destruction of the ♡ valves that can develop with untreated steptococcal throat infection (leaky valve)

puerperal sepsis 

puerperal fever/ postpartum infection; bacterial infection of female reproduction tract after childbirth/miscarriage/abortion

tularemia

rabbit fever; not spread person to person; handling infected animals, small inoculum(just enough to cause infection) can cause disease; swollen lymph nodes, skin ulcer at infection cite is most common type

Lyme disease

by tick bites, flu like symptoms → facial paralysis (Bells palsy) → meningitis, → ♡ issues; bacteria shape is spirochete; bulls eye rash

undulant fever 

rising and falling fever; spread by unpasteurized dairy products, inhalation, or contact with infected animals; brucellosis

plague

flea bite; 100% fatal if left untreated, (bubonic) common type affects lymph nodes no human to human transmission. (pneumonic) deadliest and rapid type, transmission from human to human, 100% fatal if left untreated 

chronic inflammation and bacterial buildup lead to ischemia necrosis, blackened skin called the Black Death

typhus 

rickettsias, fever, rash that begins at trunk and spreading to limbs, confusion, enlarged lymph nodes, arthropod vector 

mononucleosis (mono)

rash, enlarged spleen/liver, spread through saliva, patients are told to avoid contact sports due to spleen rupture risk → rare but spleen does not return to normal size for 4-6 wks

yellow fever

hemorrhagic disease, liver/kidney failure, bleeding from eyes, nose,mouth, mosquito vector, named for causing jaundice, in Africa and South America during rainy seasons → high mosquito density 

ebola 

impaired kidney/liver function, direct contact with infected people and animals (burial practices), supportive care → monoclonal antibodies, fatality averages - 50%, virus persist in semen, eye, brain → increasing transmission 

dengue

severe muscle/joint pain (breakbone fever), avoid aspirin due to bleeding risks, cases especially found in the americas

zika virus

causes congential zika syndrome, infected mosquito bites, sexual contact, mother to fetus, blood transfusions, first identified in Uganda, linked to Gillian-barre syndrome

chagas’ disease 

transmitted by the kissing bug, in latin America, targets heart, esophagus, and colon, romañas sign → eyelid swelling

malaria 

mosquito vector, pathogen travels to liver → bloodstream → infects RBCs → cycle continues, once primarily treated by quinine and now treated by artemisinin-based combination therapies 

schistosomiasis

schistosome, genus blood flukes larvae , , enter b+ stream, migrate through body targeting the urinary tract/intestines can colonize in liver and bladder causing severe damage, treatment with praziquantel

leishmaniasis

skin ulcers, destruction of nose/mouth/throat, bite of sandfly, anemia, weight loss, hepatosplenomegaly (enlargement of spleen and liver)