NDT 2201 Medical Terminology Exam 1

cells

-Vary in size, shape, and function

-Need food, water, and oxygen to live and function

- Contain three basic structures: cell membrane, nucleus, and the cytoplasm

Tissues

are a group of cells with specialized functions

-Four basic types: Connective, Epithelial, Muscle, and Nerve

Organs

Groups of tissues that work together to perform a specific function

EX: Kidneys: maintain water and salt balance

EX: Stomach: breaks down food

Muscle tissue

is able to contract and expand, allowing the body to move

Connective tissue

The fibrous substance that holds and connects body parts together

EX: bones, ligaments, and tendons

Nerve tissue

tissue that carries messages to and from the brain and spinal cord from all parts of the body

epithelial tissue

covers the internal and external body surfaces.

EX: Skin and internal organs (such as the intestines)

Systems

When a group of organs all work together for a common purpose, a system is formed

integumentary system

consists of the skin and the accessory structures derived from it (hair, nails, sweat glands, and oil glands)

musculoskeletal system

system that supports the body; protects organs; provides body movement; and includes muscles, bones, and cartilage

cardiovascular system

system includes the heart and blood vessels, which pumps and transports blood throughout the body, carrying nutrients to and removing waste from tissues

Respiratory system

body system that includes the lungs and airways and performs breathing

Nervous system

regulates most body activities and sends and receives messages from the sensory organs. This system consists of the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves

urinary system

system that includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. It eliminates metabolic waste, helps to maintain acid-base and water-salt balance, and helps regulate blood pressure

Reproductive system

system that controls reproduction and heredity and is either male or female

Blood system

system includes blood and all its components

lymphatic system

Composed of a network of vessels, ducts, nodes, and organs. Provides defense against infection.

digestive system

the organs that digest and excrete waste

immune system

A system (including the thymus and bone marrow and lymphoid tissues) that protects the body from foreign substances and pathogenic organisms by producing the immune response

endocrine system

system that includes the glands that secrete the hormones that regulate many of the body's activities

sensory system

system covers the eyes and ears and those parts of other systems that are involved in the reactions of the five systems

The basic element of the human body is a(n)

cell

Groups of these basic elements form

tissue

Tissue that covers the body or its parts is called

epithelial tissue

Body cavities

are the spaces that hold organs

The body has two main cavities (spaces)

dorsal and ventral

Dorsal cavity

the back side of the body

-divided into the cranial cavity and the spinal cavity

cranial cavity

holds the brain

spinal cavity

holds the spinal cord

Ventral cavity

the front side of the body

- is divided into the thoracic cavity and the abdominal cavity

thoracic cavity

holds the heart, lungs, and major blood vessels

abdominal cavity

holds the organs of the digestive and urinary systems

Diaphragm

is the muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities

pelvic

the bottom portion of the abdominal cavity, which contains the reproductive system

vertebral cavity

the spinal and cranial cavities make up the

system that helps eliminate fluids

lymphatic system

anter/o

near or toward the front side, ventral

poster/o

near or toward the back side, behind, dorsal

ventr/o

near or toward the front side

dors/o

near or toward the back side

medi/o

middle

super/o

above

infer/o

below

proxim/o

near or at the point of attachment

dist/o

far or away from point of attachment

Anterior or Ventral

front of the body

posterior or dorsal

back of body

inferior

means below another structure

superior

means above another structure

lateral

means to the side, as eyes are to the nose

medial

means middle, as nose is to the eyes

deep

away from the surface

superficial

at or near the surface

proximal

near the point of attachment to the trunk

distal

away from the point of attachment to the trunk

supine

lying on their spine facing upward

prone

lying on their abdomen with their face down

Frontal or coronal plane

imaginary line that divides the body into anterior and posterior positions

midsagittal plane

is the imaginary line that divides the body into equal right and left halves

transverse plane

imaginary line that intersects the body horizontally and divides the body into upper and lower sections

sagittal or lateral plane

is parallel to the medial plane and divides the body into left and right sections

Abdominopelvic Quadrants

larger divisions, 4

abdominopelvic regions

smaller divisions, 9

Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)

the area of the abdomen that contains parts of the liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and intestinal tract

Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)

is the abdominal area that contains parts of the intestines and parts of the reproductive organs in females

Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)

The area of the abdomen that contains the stomach, spleen, and parts of the liver, pancreas, and intestines

Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)

is the abdominal area that contains the appendix, parts of the intestines, and parts of the reproductive organs in females

lumbar regions

The left or right regions of the body in the back and sides between the lowest ribs and the pelvis

iliac or inguinal regions

are the two regions near the upper portion of the hip bone

epigastric

the area above the stomach

hypogastric

area just below the umbilical region

umbilical region

area surrounding the navel

hypochondriac regions

the two regions just below the cartilage of the ribs, immediately over the abdomen

LLQ

left lower quadrant

LUQ

left upper quadrant

RLQ

right lower quadrant

RUQ

right upper quadrant

lat

lateral

AP

anteroposterior (from front to back)

Arthr/o

Word root: Joint

Hepat/o

Word root: Liver

Ven/o

Word root: Vein

Oste/o

Word root: Bone

-itis

Suffix: Inflammation

-ic

Suffix: Pertaining to

-ous

Suffix: Pertaining to

-pathy

Suffix: Disease

-megaly

Suffix: Enlargement

Intra-

Prefix: Within

Sub-

Prefix: Under

O

Most common Combining vowel

Aden/o

Gland

Cyt/o

Cell

Epitheli/o

Epithelium

Fibr/o

Fiber

Hist/o

Tissue

Kary/o

Nucleus

Lip/o

Fat

My/o

Muscle

Neur/o

Nerve