Unit 1: Chemistry of life

Dehydration synthesis

Polymers formed through loss of H2O

Hydrolysis

Water breaks the bond between two monomers

Carbohydrates

(CH2O)N

Monosaccharides

Glucose, Fructose(C6H1206)

Disaccharides(3 most common)

Glycosidic linkage

Glucose + Glucose = Maltose

Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose

Glucose + Galactose = Lactose

Polysaccharides(3 most common)

Complex carbohydrates like Glycogen, Starch, and Cellulose

Amino Acids

Carbon bonded to Carboxyl, Amino, and R chain

Polypeptides

Chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds

Secondary structure

H bond interactions

Tertiary structure

R group interactions

Quaternary structure

Structure formed by the interaction of multiple protein subunits

Nucleic Acids

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, and Nitrogen

Purine

6 Ring + 5 ring, 4 nitrogen, includes Adenine and Guanine

Pyrimidine

6 Ring, 2 nitrogen, Cytosine, Uracil, and Thymine(CUT)

DNA

Double stranded, Thymine, Deoxyribose

RNA

Single stranded, Uracil, Ribose

Lipids

Diverse group of hydrophobic molecules including fats, steroids, and phospholipids

Saturated fat

Lipids with single bonds, usually solid at room temperature

Unsaturated

Lipids with at least one double bond, often liquid at room temperature

Phospholipid

Lipid containing a phosphate(negative) group in the polar head and two fatty acids in the nonpolar tail

Steroids

Lipids with a four-ring structure, including hormones and cholesterol

Water properties

Universal solvent, cohesion/adhesion, high specific heat, surface tension

Nucleotide

Phosphate group, pentose sugar , nitrogenous base

How many bonds in A + T?

2

How many bonds in C + G?

3

Chitin

Polysaccharide found in arthropod exoskeletons and fungal cell walls.

Chaperonins

Protein molecules that assist the proper folding of other proteins