APHY 102 Final Ivy Tech

Which of the following is not a function of the mucus-lined nasal passages?

Cooling exhaled air

Which of the following has an effect on the pH of blood?

Carbon dioxide

What causes air to move into the lungs during inspiration?

Pressure gradient between atomosphere and alveoli

Another word for breathing is ventilation.

True

Oxygen is carried in the blood in the form of bicarbonate ions and is bound to hemoglobin.

False

The layer of serous membrane that is firmly attached to the surface of a lung is called the __________.

visceral pleura

The __________ is the tube that conveys urine outside the body.

urethra

Which of the following chemicals might athletes abuse because of its potential ability to improve performance by increasing red blood cell production?

Erythropoietin (EPO)

The hormone ADH promotes water reabsorption through the wall(s) of the __________.

distal tubule and collecting duct

The efferent arteriole supplies blood to the capillaries of the glomerulus.

False

The kidneys play an important role in the regulation of red blood cell production.

True

The tuft of capillaries located between the afferent and efferent arterioles is the __________.

glomerulus

What is edema?

Abnormal accumulation of extracellular fluid

What is meant by the phrase acid-base balance?

Maintenance of the correct amount of hydrogen ion in the blood

Which of the following will cause the respiratory center to increase the breathing rate?

Decrease in plasma pH

In a healthy body, the volume of water remains relatively stable at all times.

True

Factors that alter water balance will also alter electrolyte balance.

True

Water produced as a byproduct of the oxidation of nutrients is called __________ water.

metabolic

Identify the correct sequence for the steps of meiosis I.

Prophase I → metaphase I → anaphase I → telophase I

Ovulation is triggered by a surge of _________ from the anterior pituitary gland.

LH

What structure does the sperm enter upon exiting the ductus deferens?

Ejaculatory duct

Chromosomes align down the center of a cell undergoing meiosis in metaphase.

True

The secretions of the prostate gland neutralize the acid in semen.

True

Following ovulation, the remaining follicular cells in the ovary enlarge to form an endocrine structure called the __________.

corpus luteum

What is the function of the placenta?

Allows oxygen and nutrients to diffuse from maternal blood to the embryo.

The fetus is protected from certain infections, to which the mother is immune, by __________.

antibodies from the mother's immune system

Implantation usually begins at about the end of the first ________ of development

week

The fetal stage of development begins at the end of the eighth week.

True

Aging-related changes include shrinking of the prostate in men and enlargement of the breasts in women.

False

The structure that surrounds the cell membrane of the secondary oocyte is the __________.

zona pellucida

Jonathan has straight hair. Caroline has curly hair. Their son, Carson, has wavy hair. The inheritance pattern illustrated here is an example of __________.

incomplete dominance

An individual who carries two identical alleles for a gene is said to be __________ for that gene.

Trisomy

The characteristics or health conditions associated with a particular set of alleles is called the __________.

phenotype

A human cell that has 69 chromosomes classified as a(n) ___________ cell.

triploid

What are the events of respiration?

Ventilation• External respiration• Transport of gases between lungs and body cells• Internal respiration• Cellular respiration

What are the organs of the upper respiratory tract?

Nose• Nasal cavity• Sinuses• Pharynx

What are the organs of the lower respiratory tract?

Larynx• Trachea• Bronchial tree• Lungs

visceral pleura

covers the lungs, blood vessels, nerves, and bronchi (Covers the organs) (inner layer)

parietal pleura

lines the thoracic wall and superior surface of the diaphragm (covers the cavity) (outer layer)

epiglottis

A flap of tissue that seals off the windpipe and prevents food from entering.

Partial Pressure

the contribution each gas in a mixture makes to the total pressure

Pharynx

Nasopharynx• Oropharynx• Laryngopharynx

Tidal volume

500mL, volume of air moved in and out of the lungs during respiratory cycle

Inspiratory reserve volume

3,000mL, Max volume of air that can be inhaled

Expiratory reserve volume

1,100mL, Mac volume of air the can be exhaled

Boyle's Law .

Boyle's Law is a basic law in chemistry describing the behavior of a gas held at a constant temperature., p1v1=p2v2

alveoli

large, simple squamous epithelial cells, air sacs

What protein can carry carbon dioxide

Hemoglobin

ADH

distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts increase water reabsorption by osmosis, urine becomes more concentrated, and urine volume decreases.

EPO

(Hormone used by athletes) erythropoietin; promotes growth of red blood cells

Reabsorption

process whereby renal tubules return materials necessary to the body back into the bloodstream

Secretion

getting pushed back into the tubules

Ureters

The tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder.

urinary bladder

stores urine

Uerthra

carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body

chemical buffering systems

are in all body fluids, are based on chemicals that combine excess acids and bases

bicarbonate buffer system

weak base, converts strong acid to weak acid

phosphate buffer system

found in intracellular and extracellular fluids, reacts with acids & bases to form compounds that alter pH; especially effective in renal tubules

protein buffer system

amino acids accept or release H+ to maintain pH

intracellular fluid

fluid within cells

extracellular fluid

fluid outside the cell

water metabolism

water created inside a living organism through their metabolism, by oxidizing energy-containing substances in their food. ATP in the mitochondria

Crossover

a form of genetic material that occurs during prophase I of meiosis, Why? genetic variability

what is the difference between sperm and oocytes in meiosis

Sperm proceed through meiosis uninterrupted, but oocytes arrest during multiple stages following premeiotic DNA replication and meiotic recombination. (occurs in ovaries and testis) 1 egg, 4 sperm.