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Sociological Imagination
The ability to link personal experiences to larger societal structures.
Private Troubles
Issues affecting individuals that are often connected to broader societal problems.
Structural Functionalism
The theory that society is a system of interrelated parts working together to maintain stability.
Mechanical Solidarity
Unity based on shared values and beliefs in pre-industrial societies.
Organic Solidarity
Interdependence based on specialized roles in modern societies.
Anomie
A state of normlessness where individuals feel disconnected due to weakened social bonds.
Conflict Theory
The theory that society is shaped by inequality and conflict between social classes.
Class Conflict
Struggles over wealth and power in society.
Alienation
Workers feeling disconnected from the products they create. / have no control over their labor or outcomes
False Consciousness
When workers believe they can succeed in an unequal system.
Class Consciousness
Awareness of one’s social class, leading to collective action.
Symbolic Interactionism
The theory that society is created through everyday interactions and shared symbols.
Looking-Glass Self
We see ourselves based on how we believe others perceive us.
Self-Concept
Development of identity through social roles.
Definition of the Situation
People act based on their interpretation of social situations.
Socialization
The lifelong process through which individuals learn societal norms and values.
Agents of Socialization
Entities that shape individual beliefs and behaviors, such as family, peers, media, and schools.
Formal Social Control
Enforcement of laws and norms by institutions like police and courts.
Informal Social Control
Social pressure that influences behavior through peer pressure and community standards.
Social Stratification
The ranking of individuals into social hierarchies based on resources like wealth and power.
Social Mobility
The ability to move up or down the social hierarchy.
Social Differentiation
Categorizing people by traits such as race, gender, and age.
World Systems Theory
The theory that global economic and political systems create a hierarchy of nations.
Dependency Theory
The theory that less industrialized nations depend on wealthier nations due to historical exploitation.
Intersectionality
The overlap of social identities leading to unique experiences of discrimination.
Meritocracy
The belief that success is based purely on individual effort and talent.
Looking-Glass Self (Cooley)
Identity is developed through social interactions and perceptions.
Mead's ‘I’ and ‘Me’
Concepts describing the spontaneous self versus the socially aware self.
Positive Sanction
Rewards given for following social norms.
Negative Sanction
Punishments for violations of social norms.
Formal Sanction
Officially imposed penalties for rule violations.
Informal Sanction
Social consequences like gossip or exclusion for not conforming.
Groupthink
The tendency for group members to conform to group attitudes, impairing critical thinking.
Class Conflict (Marx)
Social struggle for resources and power between the bourgeoisie and proletariat.
Role Allocation
Assigning societal roles based on merit and qualifications.
Social Integration
Maintaining societal stability through shared beliefs.
Feminism
A social movement aiming for women's rights and gender equality.
First Wave Feminism
Focused on women's suffrage and voting rights.
Second Wave Feminism
Addressed workplace equality and legal rights.
Intersectionality in Feminism
Understanding how various social identities impact experiences of discrimination.
Holocaust (Groupthink)
A historical example of social control through conformity leading to genocide.
Pamela George Case
An example of how intersectionality can impact justice outcomes.
Social Mobility
The ability of individuals or groups to move within a social hierarchy.
Eurocentrism
The practice of viewing European culture as superior.
Imperialism
The policy of extending a country's power and influence through colonization.
Social Differentiation
The classification of individuals based on attributes like race and gender.
Education as the Great Equalizer
The belief that education can compensate for inequality in society.
Three-Component Theory (Weber)
Class, status, and power as the three dimensions of social stratification.
Anomie (Durkheim)
A state leading to social instability due to breakdown of social norms.
Labeling Theory
The theory that labels assigned to individuals influence their self-identity and behavior.
Social Control
The means by which society regulates individual behavior.
Cultural Traditions and Poverty
The theory that cultural habits in less developed nations contribute to poverty.
Social Networks
A group of people connected through social ties and interactions.
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