Biology2 exam 1

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Transmission Electron Microscopy

beams electrons transmitted through biological sample

Scanning electron microsopy

Secondary electrons are emmited that are detected creating the image of a three dimensional surface

TEM vs SEM

SEM is better at showing 3 demnesional surfaces more detail

Standard fluroescence microscopy

fluorescent molecules label a particular type of cellular protein or organelle and absorbs light at particular wavelength and meits light at longer wavelenths

Organelle

membrane bound compartment with its own unique structure and function

Nucleus

compartment that is enclused by double-membrane structure called a nuclear envolope

Lysosome

degreads macromolecules

Chromatin

complex of protein and DNA inside the nucleus

Nucleolus

Site for ribosome submunit assembley

Nuclear pore

passageway for molecules into and out fo the nucleus

Ribosome

site of polypeptide synthesis

Plasma membrane

Membrane that controls movemnt of substances into and out of the cell, site of cell signaling

Cytosol

site of many metabolic pathways (vast empty part of the cell)

Centrosome

Site where microtubles grow and centrioles are found

Rough ER

Site of protein and sorting and secrtion

Smooth ER

Site of detoxification and lipid sythesis

Mitochondrion

Site of ATP synthesis

Cytoskeleton

Protien filaments that provide shape and aid in movement

Peroxisome

Site where hydrogen peroxide and other harmful molecules are broken down

Golgi apparatus

Site of modification, sorting, and secrtion of lipids and proteins (fedex)

direct intercellular signaling

signals pass through a cell from the cytosol of one cell to adjacent cells

Desmosomes

anchor cells to other cells

Extracellular matrix

Hemidesmosomes

anchor cells to the ECM

Tight junctions

spaces between cells with “airtight seals”

Gap junctions

direct connections between different cells

Plasmodesmata

microscopic channels inbetween different cells, can open and close

O2, CO2, N2

Highest permeability

H2O

Second highest permeability

Glycerol

Third permeable

Glucose, sucrose

fourth permeable

Cl-, K+, Na+

lowest permeability

What makes the best permeability

Small, nonpolar molecules

What makes something the least permeable

having a charge, being large, and being polar