Reversible cell injury: adaptation and degeneration

What are the general mechanisms of cell injury

• ATP depletion

• membrane damage

• disturbances in cellular metabolism

• genetic damage

What are the causes of cell injury

• Malformation

• miscellaneous

• infectious

• immune

• nutritional

• neoplastic

• trauma

• toxicity

What are 3 ways cells respond to injury or stress

• adaptation

• degeneration

• death

A reaction in which a new homeostatic state is established is known as _________

adaptation

Caused by a reversible cell injury in which a cell can adapt and recover from is called ___________

degeneration

What are the 4 types of adaptations that can take place in response to injury or stress

• atrophy

• hypertrophy

• hyperplasia

• metaplasia

Seeing an organ or cell shrink in size generally means what type of adaptation is taking place

atrophy

seeing an organ or cell swell in size generally means were are seeing what adaptation in response to stress of injury

hypertrophy

Atrophy is ______ unless prolonged

reversible

hypertrophy like atrophy is _________

reversible

seeing an increased number of cells generally means what adaptation is happening in response to stress or injury

hyperplasia

seeing a cell turn into another type of cell generally means what type of adaptation is happening

metaplaisa

What are the types of degeneration in response to stress or injury

• hydropic

• fatty change

• glycogen accumulation

• myxomatous

if the inciting cause is remove degeneration can be ___________

reversible

Unlike a non reversible injury degeneration causes minimal _____ and _______ responses

• circulatory

• inflammatory

acute swelling via water accumulation is known as what type of degeneration

hydropic

what are some common aspects of hydropic degeneration

• mainly in organelles

• mainly in cytosol

Explain hydropic pathogenesis in stepwise manner

1. cell injury

2. reduced atp production changes ionic gradients

3. osmotic pressure increases and water accumulates

4. cell/organelles swell unless stimulus is removed.

an accumulation of fat vacuoles in the cytoplasm of _________ cell is considered fatty change

non- adipose

what organs are typically affected by fatty change

• liver

• kidney

• muscle

what 5 things can affect the liver and cause hepatic lipidosis

• excessive FFA delivery

• decreased fatty acid oxidation

• impaired apoprotein synthesis

• impaired lipoprotein synthesis

• decreased lipoprotein excretion

degeneration in which glycogen is inappropriately stored in the body

glycogen

How would you distinguish glycogen degeneration from fatty acid degeneration

histology and special stains

What stain specifically would you use for glycogen degeneration

PAS

induces conversion of mature proteins to embryonic forms and causes accumulation of mucin like material is what form of cellular degeneration

myxomatous

where does myxomatous degeneration typically occur

• adipose tissues

• connective tissues

what are the gross changes seen in tissue undergoing hydropic degeneration

• paler

• softer

• slightly larger

• heavier

what are the microscopic changes seen in tissue undergoing hydropic degeneration

large vacuoles

What is a common form for fatty change degeneration

hepatic lipidosis

What is the common histochemical stain used to visualize lipid in frozen sections

• Oil red O

• Sudan black

What is a clinical example of myxomatous degeneration

serous atrophy of fat

where does serous atophy of fat most commonly affect

• pericardial fat

• medullary cavity adipose

in serous atrophy of fat the adipocytes are _________________ but lack ______________

• normal

• lipid