Central Dogma of Biology
Genetic information flows in one direction: DNA->RNA->Protein
Transcription
the process of making RNA from DNA in the nucleus.
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Central Dogma of Biology
Genetic information flows in one direction: DNA->RNA->Protein
Transcription
the process of making RNA from DNA in the nucleus.
RNA splicing
editing RNA (taking out introns and putting exons together).
RNA structure
single stranded nucleic acid that includes A, U, C, and G base, a phosphate, and a ribose sugar
RNA polymerase
enzyme that assembles RNA nucleotides during transcription
intron
the section of RNA that is removed during RNA splicing
exon
the section of RNA that is kept and connected to another during RNA splicing
Translation
The process of using information from messenger RNA to produce proteins
Codon
three nucleotides on an RNA molecule that code for one amino acid
Ribosome
organelle that produces proteins during translation
Polypeptide
chain of amino acids
Amino acid
monomer of a protein
tRNA
RNA that contains the anticodon and transfers the amino acid to the ribosome during translation
mRNA
RNA that is transcribed from the DNA
rRNA
RNA that is used to make the ribosome
Start codon
AUG codon that tells the ribosome where to begin translation
anticodon
found on tRNA and binds to codons on mRNA
mutation
any change in the DNA sequence
Stem cells
cells that are undifferentiated
Adult stem cells
cells that can differentiate into closely related cells
embryonic stem cells
cells that can differentiate into almost any type of cell
restriction enzymes
Cuts DNA into fragments
Gel electrophoresis
separates DNA fragments by size
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
technique that makes many copies of a certain segment of DNA without using living cells
Clone
a genetically identical copy of a gene or of an organism
genetically modified organism
any organism that has acquired one or more genes by artificial means