Unit 5: Molecular Genetics

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Central Dogma of Biology

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Genetic information flows in one direction: DNA->RNA->Protein

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Transcription

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the process of making RNA from DNA in the nucleus.

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26 Terms

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Central Dogma of Biology

Genetic information flows in one direction: DNA->RNA->Protein

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Transcription

the process of making RNA from DNA in the nucleus.

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RNA splicing

editing RNA (taking out introns and putting exons together).

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RNA structure

single stranded nucleic acid that includes A, U, C, and G base, a phosphate, and a ribose sugar

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RNA polymerase

enzyme that assembles RNA nucleotides during transcription

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intron

the section of RNA that is removed during RNA splicing

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exon

the section of RNA that is kept and connected to another during RNA splicing

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Translation

The process of using information from messenger RNA to produce proteins

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Codon

three nucleotides on an RNA molecule that code for one amino acid

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Ribosome

organelle that produces proteins during translation

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Polypeptide

chain of amino acids

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Amino acid

monomer of a protein

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tRNA

RNA that contains the anticodon and transfers the amino acid to the ribosome during translation

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mRNA

RNA that is transcribed from the DNA

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rRNA

RNA that is used to make the ribosome

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Start codon

AUG codon that tells the ribosome where to begin translation

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anticodon

found on tRNA and binds to codons on mRNA

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mutation

any change in the DNA sequence

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Stem cells

cells that are undifferentiated

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Adult stem cells

cells that can differentiate into closely related cells

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embryonic stem cells

cells that can differentiate into almost any type of cell

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restriction enzymes

Cuts DNA into fragments

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Gel electrophoresis

separates DNA fragments by size

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Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

technique that makes many copies of a certain segment of DNA without using living cells

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Clone

a genetically identical copy of a gene or of an organism

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genetically modified organism

any organism that has acquired one or more genes by artificial means