History test #1: Native americans, Europe, etc.

Beringia

• Nomadic hunting tribes from Asia who moved across Beringia during the Wisconsin Glaciation during the last ice age.  

Beringia - a land bridge between modern Siberia and Alaska which appeared during the last ice age.  At its greatest expanse  it measured approximately 1,000 miles wide.

Crossing Beringia

movement into north America:

Brian Fagan in The Great Journey argues

•The first migration from Asia could not have occurred prior to 15,000 years ago

•Geological conditions prohibited any earlier movement across Beringia

•Homo-sapiens or modern man had not established himself in eastern Siberia prior to that

However

•The most commonly held theory is that Asiatic nomads moved south into North America from (modern) Alaska through passes in the mountain ranges where the ice pack never permeated.

•Artifacts discovered in Texas, dated roughly 13,000 years ago (Clovis Culture) were thought to be evidence of the earliest human occupation of North America.

•Recent discoveries at Cooper’s Point in Idaho, and others sites, are now dated roughly 16,500 (+), and are pushing the date back, contradicting Fagan’s dating.

corn

• In province of Tabasco evidence found that shows corn was domesticated about 5100 BCE

• Corn, along with beans and squash, collectively known as the three sisters, became the basis of agriculture for the Mayans, olemecs and later, Aztecs

• Pueblos learned how to grow corn so men assisted with the corn

•  Corn: New world —> Europe

Aztecs:

• Uto-Aztecans  – The Nahuatl sub-group dominated Meso-America but also included tribes in the North American West including Comanches, Wichitas and Caddoes and related tribes

• Primary uto-Aztecan tribes north of the rio grande at the time of first contact

1.Comanche – in the northwestern Great Plains and Western Black Hills

2.Utes – in the northwestern Great Plains and Eastern Rocky Mountains

3.Piutes – in the inter-Montaigne region of the Rocky Mountains

4.Wichita – along the Arkansas River

5.Caddoes – in the tri-state area of Texas, Louisiana and Arkansas

Tenochtitlan, Info abouut cortez and his conquest of mexico:

• Capital of the Aztec Empire.

• Situated in the western portion of Lake Texcoco.

• Connected to the mainland by bridges and causeways to the north, south, and west of the city.

• Cortez’s conquest was largely dependent on help from the surrounding subjugated tribes. 

• Cortez followed the road to tenochititlan

Tenochtitlan, Info abouut cortez and his conquest of mexico:

• There was a story that  a serpent god would return from the west one day, he’d have fair skin, bronze armor, light beard, and riding on a big animal

• Spaniards were looking for gold and wealth, but natives wanted them to leave, they were eventually drove out, the natives shot arrows down on them as they escaped

• Cortez eventually conquered the aztecs by recruiting other tribes 

• Aztecs practiced human sacrifices with obsidian knives, they ripped the hearts out 

• Aztecs were resented by other tribes

• Tenochitlan was burned to the ground 

Cortez and the conquest of Mexico:

• 1519 cortes Lt. govenor of cuba

• he required permission to go investigate what they thought was the mainland

• Departs cuba at night without permission 

• conquistadors had to pay for things out of pocket ships, men, horses, food

• Hehad to borrow a lot of money to go on his his conquest to Cuba, he wanted to go to mexico to pay his loans and conquer mexico

• lands at site of present day Vera cruz

• burns ships 

• Begins conquest of Mexico 

Cohokia:

• By beginning of the Fourteenth Century both Cahokia and Chaco Canyon had collapsed.

• Cahokia perhaps because of overpopulation - approximately 20,000 and ecological problems because they harvested all the trees in the area, and animals relied on the trees, so they have no protein

• Sickness was another reason problem, lack of sanitation = diseases

• Chaco Canyon - Probably because of draught which also may 

• People went to Chaco canyon for religious cerimonies

• have been one of the ecological causes of Cahokia's collapse.

• Trade partners of Cahokia may have included the Hurons and Mohawks of the Great Lakes area

• Residue of Cahokia may have established Mississippian tribes of the Southeast, including the Creeks and Choctaw

• Descendants of the Anasazi established the Southwestern pueblos of New Mexico and Arizona, including the Hopi,  Acoma, Sandia and others.

European arrival: Christopher Columbus

• Columbus's first voyage was made in the Fall of 1492

• Columbus’s second voyage was made in 1493

• Columbus’s third voyage was made in 1498

• Columbus died in 1503, thought he reached islands off the coast of Asia, but he never really understood what he had done

• Columbus was not Spanish

• Columbus’s fourth, and last, voyage was made in 1502 during which Columbus and his brother Bartolome were arrested for misgovernment and returned to Spain

• But they were not the first

Columbian exchange

From Europe to the Americas

– Horse              – Cow                – Citrus              –Smallpox       

– Chickenpox    – Measles

From the new world to europe

– Potato      – Tomato   -Tobacco                – Sweet Potato                                  – Corn (or Maize)              – Syphilis

Columbian exchange:

• Exchange of food items, animals, and diseases

• Europe sent big animals to America and they had a tremendous ecological impact in the Americas, these animals ruined the soil and carried European plants in their intestines, which germinated American soil/ planted european plants into north american soil 

• Chicken pox and small pox were bought by Europeans, they had immunity from these diseases because these were typically childhood diseases, but the Natives didn't have immunity because they had been on their own for so long. These diseases killed more natives than wars, 75-85%

• Europeans had syphilis, small pox, and measles, 

• Martin Alonzo Pinzon (captain of Pinita)- responsible for bringing syphilis to Spain, he was covered in festering sores 

John cabot

• John Cabot sailed under the flag of Henry VII (Tudor) King of England.

• A Genoan, as was Columbus

• Made two voyages, 1495 - 1496 and   1496 - 1497

• John Cabot’s first voyage was made in 1497

• Laid claim to the lands he found in the name of his sponsor, Henry VII, and planned an English colony there.

• His second voyage made in 1498,  he was Swept overboard on his second during the return trip and he died

Christopher colombus and his voyages:

• Columbus was born in the Republic of Genoa (Italy) in 1451.

• Went to sea quite young, traveled as far north as the British Isles, and as far south as Ghana on the West African coast.

• Married a Portuguese noblewoman who bore his first son Diego, and had a Spanish mistress who bore his second son Fernando (Hernando).

• A long time resident of Lisbon, Portugal, Columbus negotiated with a number of European monarchs to sponsor his proposed voyage to the spice islands of Asia by sailing west.

• Queen Isabella I and king Ferdinand II of Spain finally agreed to sponsor his voyages, After the eviction of muslims Fernadand and Isabelle said yes to his voyage they supplied him with ships and supplies, they told him he was to govern any lands that he found

• ..Columbus was named Admiral of the Ocean Sea by the joint monarchs.

• He believed the world was round

• Ship sank in Portugal but he survived

Christopher colombus and his voyages:

• Columbus was a devout Christian, believed it was his job to spread Christianity 

• one of his ships sank, so he took the ship apart and told his men to build on the island, he said he would come back in a year, but when he did they were all dead

• Claimed he saw the land of Hispaniola first

• It must also be remembered that the voyage undertaken by Columbus was also a result of the desire of the western European Christian nations to eliminate the Muslim middlemen who controlled the trade with the Far East.

• Portugal was already deeply involved in exploring for routes to the Orient and Spain didn’t want to be left behind.

• The Crown believed they had found the perfect explorer in Columbus, because in his confidence in his own abilities, he was dedicated to the conversion of the infidel.  He believed he was what his name said he was, “The Christ Carrier.”

• Made a total of four voyages

• First voyage to Hispaniola and Cuba

• Second to the Lesser Antilles, Hispaniola and Cuba

• Third to Hispaniola and the northern coast of South America

• Fourth to Cuba, Hispaniola, Central America and the Lesser Antilles

• Never understood he had discovered a “new world”

Treaty of Tordesillas:

• Portugal and spain were dividing most of the world between them

• Portugal claimed brazil

Martin luther

•German Monk, theologian and legalist, trained as a legalist and decided law was not for him and turned to religion

•Believed salvation came from FAITH, not the good works, or the intercession of saints.

•In 1517 posted his Ninety-Five Thesis, which made a complaint of indulgences (a way for individuals to receive full or partial remission of punishment for sins.)

•Objected to Indulgences, wanted the Bible and the Mass in the vulgate, he wanted the bible translated in all languages

•His “reforms”/ thesis became politicized

• Luthers objections to the latin church was seen as a leverage to object the european 

• He was pulled up on charges of hearsay because people politicized his objections, he was excommunicated

• His excommunication led to the formation of the new “Lutheran” church

• For the poeple there was NO FREEDOM OF RELIGION, the faith of the prince is everyones religion

Jean calvin

• French theologian and legalist.

• believed in a primitive church, no music, no art

• Believed in Predestination.

• Communicated with Philipp Melanchthon and other reformers associated with Luther. He communicated with a lot of reformers and was eventually evicted from Paris 

• Organized church in Geneva starting in 1536.

• Calvanist theology entered England through Scotland.

• Became extremely influential although never accepted by the official church. His form of christianity made its way to mant Northern european countries, especially england 

• The early settlers of New England were Calvinists.

The english constitution:

• The english dont have a constitution as we understand the term

• There is no single written document that is the “English constitution”

• Three things make up the English constitution

1. Royal edict

2. Parliamentary legislation

3. Judicial desicions

English government:

• Three braqnches of the english government

1. A hereditary monarchy

2. Parliemnt, the law making body of two consisting houses

1. The house of commons, the elected body

2. House of lords- membership inherited by the eldest son of a noble family, its hereditary, passed down to the oldest male son, the rest of the sons didnt gain anything

• Only wealthy landowners could vote for members of the house of commons

                      3)     The judiciary, appointed by the crown

• England was not democratic women couldnt vote until 1932

Parliament

1. the law making body of two consisting houses

1. The house of commons, the elected body

2. House of lords- membership inherited by the eldest son of a noble family, its hereditary, passed down to the oldest male son, the rest of the sons didnt gain anything

Tudor dynasty:

Henry VII (henry tudor)

• Henry VII (Henry tudor) claimed the crown in the name of his wife, Elizabeth of york, daughter of edward IV, sister of edward V, and niece of richard III

• He married elizabeth after his victory at the battle of Bosworth, Aug 22, 1485, which ended the War of the roses 

• Spent the rest of his life consolidating his rule and nation 

Tudor dynasty

Henry VIII:

• The second son of Henry VII, he was originally name “Defender of the Faith” by the Pope for a paper refuting the arguments of Martin Luther.

• Established the Church of England after a dispute with the Pope who refused to grant him a divorce from his first wife.

• Named “Head of the Church in England” in the Act of Supremacy, the “Head of the Church of England” in the Second Act of Supremacy.

ACT OF SUPERMACY/ Henry VIII:

• The act of supremacy names Henry VIII head of church in England, Pope excommunicated him, so henry goes to parliament again and is now titled Head of the church of England, which removed the Pope and removed the England church from the Catholic church 

• Once he’s head of church of England he confiscates all church land and a large % of this profit went to his pocket and made his family rich, this eliminated the cleric class

• Once he divorced from Catherine he marries again and the wife gives him a daughter, but he needs and son, so he accuses his wife of cheating, which results in her being convicted and she’s beheaded

• Marries 6 times

• Important to note that Henry’s church was Catholic in ritual and liturgy, with himself as the head rather than the Pope

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• Henry VII son, Henry VIII, was the head of the church

• Henry VIII son, Edward VI, had a sister Mary I

• Several noble houses gave claims to the throne but henry VII had military power to back him up 

• Henry VIII writes lengthy reputation of Martin Luther, pope named him defender of Faith 

• Henry VIII wife was too old to have children but he needed a son so he asks the pope for a divorce 

 MARY TUDOR (BLOODY MARY):

• Daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon

• Legally bastardized when Henry’s divorce was granted by Parliament.

• A devout Catholic.

• Came to the throne on (became queen) the death of her half-brother, Edward VI.

• Tried to force England back into the Catholic Church.

• She burned people at the stake

• Had 2 pregnancies that failed and died

• Was replaced by her sister Elizabeth I (THE VIRGIN QUEEN)

ELIZABETH I (THE VIRGIN QUEEN):

• Daughter of Henry and Anne Boleyn, Henry’s second wife.

• Although bastardized by the execution of her mother, she was raised as a legitimate daughter although resented by her step-mothers.

• Invited to the throne by Protestant Princes and wealthy merchants who were tired of Mary’s violent attempts to force England back into Catholicism.

• Ruled as a pragmatic Protestant.

• Never married, but instead was “married to England", she didn't want a husband because it would create a new dynasty

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Death of elizabeth i (1603):

• In reality, there are only three “Estates.”

1. The crown.

2. The Nobility.

3. The Commons.

• The fourth Estate – The Clergy, had been absorbed into the two remaining lesser classes, the Nobility and the Commons.

•  her death was a high point in english culture

• After she died there were two males available for the throne, but they were catholic and parliament did not want that

STUART DYNASTY (ORDER):

1. James I, King of England 1603 – 1629 (James VI of Scotland).

2. Charles I, King of England 1629 – 1649.

3. Charles II, King of England 1660 – 1682.

4. James II, King of England 1682 – 1689.

STUART DYNASTY JAMES I:

• Great Grandson of Margaret Tudor, daughter of Henry VII.

• Elevated to the Scottish throne through his mother Mary, Queen of Scots, in 1567.

• Inherited the English throne through his great- grandmother on the death of Elizabeth because he was the closest Protestant relative.

• Ruled England as a pragmatic Protestant.

• Reversed Elizabeth’s foreign policy of confrontation with Spain.

• His mother was crazy and wanted the throne, she wanted to overthrow her son

• Ruled as a pragmatic protestant

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• James accused Walter of colluding with Spain and eventually had him executed

• Executed sir walter raleigh who was Elizabeth's favorite, he wanted to explore Roanoke

• Charged with attacking San Thome, the Spanish capital of  Guiana.

• The assault was actually led by Raleigh’s son Wat.

• The death of Raleigh effectively ended the Elizabethan era. 

• Executioner did not want to execute sir walter raleigh because he was so well liked

STUART DYNASTY CHARLES I:

• Inherited the throne of England (and Scotland) upon the death of his father James I in 1629.

• Attempted to rule without Parliament (the other two Estates).

• His Scottish subjects rose in revolt in 1639 forcing him to call Parliament into session to raise taxes for his war in Scotland. 

Stuart dynasty CHARLES II:

• Son of Charles I, exiled to Paris during the Civil War and the Commonwealth.

• Married a French princess.

• Invited back to the throne of England by Parliament, through the influence of Admiral Sir William Penn, when Richard Cromwell failed to meet the standards set by his father.

• Ruled as a pragmatic Protestant (closet Catholic).

• Had no male sons with his wife but had them with mistresses so they were bastards and no right to the throne

STUART DYNASTY (JAMES II):

• The second son of Charles I, also exiled to Paris during the English Civil War and the Commonwealth.

• Ascended the throne of England upon the death of his brother, Charles II, because Charles had no legitimate heirs.

• James’ first wife was a Protestant, but had no heirs.

• The second wife was a Catholic, bore a son which James said would be raised a Catholic.

STUART DYNASTY (QUEEN ANNE):

• Daughter of Charles II, the last of the Stuarts to ascend the throne of England (Great Britain).

• Ascended the throne on the death of William I (William of Orange).

• Childless despite seventeen pregnancies.

• Died of a stroke in 1714.

ENGLISH CIVIL WAR AND THE COMMONWEALTH
1640 - 1660:

• In 1639 Parliament was called back into session for the first time since 1629 (The Long Parliament)

• In 1640 Parliament refused to vote taxes to aid Charles forces fighting in Scotland.

• Parliament (The House of Commons) voted to join the Scots in opposing Charles.

• Parliamentary forces captured Charles in 1641. They then confined him to the Tower of London.

• Executed him in 1649 as a threat to Parliamentary rule.

The english civil war: 

Issues:

• Questions of supremacy between Parliament and the Crown. The issue was who was going to rule parliament or the crown?

• Questions of applicability of the rights of “Freeborn Englishmen,” which originally only applied to the nobility when King John signed the Magna Carta in 1215,

The english civil war:

Developments:

• John Milton, author of Paradise Lost, called for Freedom of Speech and Freedom of the Press.

• The Levelers called for a written constitution.

• The Diggers called for common ownership of the land, an early form of communism.

• Creation of the Quaker Church in reaction to the violence of the period.

• No freedom of speech in England, till this day

THE COMMONWEALTH, THE NAVIGATION ACT:

• In 1651, Parliament passed the Navigation Act (now known as the First Navigation Act) which required that all goods carried to and from the colonies must be on English owned ships. The beginning of Mercantilism.

• In 1655, England was still broke, so Cromwell negotiated a loan from international bankers at The Hague. The terms included also permitted the re-entry of Jews to England for the first time since 1315. 

• Charged tariffs, made by parliament

• Some Americans become wealthy because of tariffs

THE GLORIOUS REVOLUTION 1688:

• When James II tried to rule without Parliament, it objected.

• When James II produced a male heir, to be raised a Catholic, Parliament objected.

• Parliament invited James II to leave.

• Parliament invited Mary Stuart, and her husband William of Orange to ascend the throne as joint monarchs, on a constitutional basis

• Mary Stuart was the daughter of Charles II, and was willing to accept Parliamentary participation in the governing of the nation.

• William of Orange was the Stadtholder of the Netherlands, the strongest Protestant Prince in Europe, a constitutional monarch at home, and accepted the Parliamentary restriction that his heirs could not ascend the throne of England. 

• William and Mary were chosen because Mary was for continuity and William was chosen because he’s the strongest Protestant prince in Europe, their kids can't inherit the throne, but they can inherit money

PARLIAMENT UNDER THE DUAL MONARCHY:

• in 1689 Parliament passed a “Bill of Rights,” which confirmed Parliament's role in the financial management of the Empire and influence on England’s foreign policy as well.

• It also expanded the rights of “Freeborn Englishmen,” especially the right of Trial by Jury to all Englishmen, regardless of social class..  Again, this was a right originally granted to the nobility by John in 1215.

• It also mandated that all future English Kings had to follow the rule of law.
  

PARLIAMENT AFTER THE GLORIOUS REVOLUTION:

• Parliament became increasingly important in the English political system after the Glorious Revolution.

• The House of Commons began to develop as the dominant house of Parliament.

• Parliament passed the Act of Union in 1701 consolidating England, Scotland, and Ireland into Great Britain. This eliminated all regional parliaments, so they had a unitary government.

• After the consolidation of all the various nations into Great Britain, Parliament functioned as a unitary government for the entire nation, and by extension for the entire empire.

• This period is generally referred to as the Era of Salutary Neglect. 

• England, for the most part, was concerned with domestic issues such as who was on the throne, which family, was it legitimate, what was the faith of the prince?

• England really didn’t have time to worry about the colonies, except when financial difficulties forced it to raise money, usually through increased regulation and taxes on the mercantilist empire.

• This permitted the North American colonies to develop as self-governing entities. American colonies started to develop local governments to discuss local issues, each colony is governing itself, but England wants control and this causes a disagreement 

• This would continue under the reign of George I, and to a lesser degree George II.

THE SETTLEMENT OF THE ENGLISH COLONIES

ROANOKE ISLAND:

#1

• First Attempt Established 1585 – intended to be a supply base for raiding Spanish shipping

• Second Attempt Established in 1587

• Failed 1588

• Sir Walter Raleigh dispatched one expedition in 1585 to locate a potential base for privateering operations against the Spanish treasure ships.

• Sir Walter Raleigh sent out reports of a coast north of america he thought he could establish a colony on

• On this expedition his men were not happy and he had problems with the natives, his brother comes to Roanoke to ask if the men wanted to leave and most of them did

• When that expedition failed, Raleigh recommended that the potential was still there, plus the area could be used for harvesting trees for ship masts which England was lacking.

• In 1587, a second attempt to colonize Roanoke Island was undertaken.

• Led by John White, he believed families were needed if the colony was going to succeed

• When he returned in 1590, the colony was gone.

Roanoke region:

• The first attempt had been an all male endeavor.

• The second attempt included families as John White correctly thought that it would take permanent farming interests to make the colony successful.

• Natives went out of their way to avoid the English, so the english were running out of supplies, colony volunteered John to go back to england but he didn't want to but they eventually convinced him

• Queen elizabeth gets word that a spanish armada was on its way so John couldn't leave at that time when he gets back the colony was gone 

• The colony included White’s daughter and her husband.  Their daughter, Virginia Dare, was the first English child born in North America. 

• All were lost.

• John finds marks on trees that indicate the colony possible left, he spends his time trying to find them but no one truly knows what happened to them, They are referred to as the lost colony

• The dominant Native American Tribes were the Occaneesche and the Tuscarora but minor tribes included the Roanoke and Croatan (all Algonquin).

• The Powhatan Confederation of southeastern Virginia was expanding into the area as well.

Jamestown:

#2

• Established 1607 by a Joint Stock Company, The Virginia Company of London.

• FIRST SUCCESSFUL ENGLISH COLONY

• Primarily male “adventurers” of the upper classes.

• Jamaican tobacco introduced by John Rolfe in 1611. The colony came very close to failing, but with the introduction of Jamaican tobacco there was an economic salvation

• House of Burgesses granted by the Crown in the Charter Revision of 1618 to attract colonists.

• The dominant Native American tribe was the Powhatan Confederation.

Jamestown virginia colony:

• Virginia is named after elizabeth the virgin queen

• Jamestown named after king james

• The original group of settlers to Jamestown numbered 295, all male

• Included were 92 members of the upper class, seven tailors, two goldsmiths, two refiners, a jeweler, a perfumer, a pipe-maker, only two blacksmiths, three masons, four carpenters, and forty-four laborers.  The remainders were gentlemen’s gentlemen (basically servants to the noblemen)

• That means that roughly 50% of the initial group had never worked with their hands.

Jamestown virginia colony:

• Virginia Company of London grant from the Crown

• Charter revision of 1609 opened large amounts of land to the Virginia Company of London for further development in the future

• Powhatan attacks of 1622 led by Opechancanuth wiped out ¼ of the English population and led to the bankruptcy of The Virginia Company of London, the first time they went bankrupt

• James Smith was young and arrogant, but was named the governor

• The colony expected the natives to feed them so they attacked the natives

• The colony had a high death rate, they were down to 9 people at one time. Problems were weakened immune system due to salt poisoning from their water source and malaria from mosquitos

JOHN ROLFE AND POCAHANTAS:

• Pocahontas was exchanged with an English lad to avoid warfare

• Pocahantas was very young at this time, like 11 or 12

• She converted to christianity and when it was time to back to her tribe she refused

• John married Pocahontas and they had one child

• John and Pocahantas went to England and she was thought of highly

• She got some lung sickness in England and died, James took their son and went back to england

VIRGINIA AND SLAVERY:

During the month of August 1619, an English privateer, The White Lion, arrived in Jamestown with somewhere between 20 and 30 Africans.

•The Africans were plundered off the Portuguese ship San Juan Bautista off the shore of Mexico.

•The Africans were sold as indentured servants because they had been baptized into the Christian faith by the Portuguese.  Indentured servitude was not slavery, but the inherent racism of the English settlers made it easy to convert the contractual arrangement into slavery, if for no other reason than the Africans did not understand the legal system into which they had been forcibly introduced. 

• The africans didn't speak english so the “contracts” went on as long as the slave holder pleased

• Labor was in short supply in virginia

Virginia colony/TOBBACO INFO:

• The Crown took the Charter back from the Virginia Company of London in 1624, creating the first Crown Colony, but distractions at home left the colony in the hands of colonial leadership.

• By 1624, over 6,000 people had migrated to Virginia, but only 1, 200 were still alive.

• 80% of the people who migrated to Virginia died in 1624

• Because of the profitability of the tobacco crop, by 1700 the population of Virginia approached 90,000

• Although King James I, opposed tobacco, the demand increased.  By 1624, 200,000 pounds were harvested.  By 1664, that amount had increased to  15,000,000 pounds.

• People grew tobacco to get richer, but there was an overproduction, so prices fell

Plymouth plantation:

• 3. Plymouth Plantation

• Established 1620 outside Virginia, despite having a grant to settle in that colony from the Virginia Company of London

• Established group of people who were Calvinist

• Also funded by a Joint Stock Company

• Only 102 of 150 who departed Plymouth survived the voyage, only ½ of those survived the first winter.

• The Patuxet Indian Squanto helped them survive.

Plymouth plantation:

• Plymouth was one of the only ones who paid off their investors

• Colonists included entire family groups who were members of a Separatist Calvinist religious group (the Pilgrims).

• Mayflower Compact drafted before leaving the transport vessels for land.

• Many of the colonists were not church members and therefore excluded from citizenship rights.

• The predominant Native American tribe in the Plymouth area was the Pokanoket.

• A factor which impacted their decision to remain at Plymouth was that it appeared to Governor William Bradford that  villages had been prepared by God for their arrival.

• In fact, the local tribes had suffered a severe small pox epidemic during the period from 1618 – 1619, wiping out 90% of the population.

• The few Natives that remained would help them through the first winter.

Massachusetts bay colony:

•   Massachusetts Bay 

• Established 1629

• Established by Non-Separatist (Puritan) Dissenters

• First group were puritan pilgrims

• Established to be a “City on The Hill” - A Beacon of what the Reformation Society Could and Should Become

• Also founded by a Joint Stock Company, most of whom were Church members.

• Carried their Charter with them.

• Massachusetts charter stayed in London after it was taken

• One of the few colonies that actually elected their own governor.

• Dominant Native American tribe was the Massachusetts and the Pokanoket. 

• Between 1629 and 1640, more than 21,000 Puritans departed England for Massachusetts.  This is generally referred to as THE GREAT MIGRATION.

• Since Puritans migrated in family units, English patriarchy was maintained in the New England colonies.

• Since voting in the colony was only done by male church members, and membership declined over time, power devolved into the hands of a merchant elite.

• Puritans migrated as family units

Maryland:

5.  Maryland

• Established 1632

• Established by Calvert Family (Cecilius, Lord Baltimore)

• Established as haven for English Catholics in America

Maryland as a catholic haven:

First Jesuits arrived in Maryland in 1634, two years after the founding of the colony.

•Their primary mission was the conversion of the Native Americans not to Christianity, but to Catholicism.

•Dominant Native American Tribes in the area were the Delaware, Nanticoke, and Susquehannock.

•Demands by the Catholic English in the colony,  including the confiscation of their commissary by the Calverts plus their small numbers within the colony, prevented the completion of their mission.

Maryland and the calvert family:

Although established as an American haven for English Catholics, by the time Lord Calvert received his charter, Anglicans from Virginia had already spilled over into what became Maryland looking for tobacco lands.

•Caused a good bit of trouble between the residents and the representatives of the Calvert family leading to an uprising and the eventual ouster of the Calvert family by the locals.

•Calvert also had problems with the large number of Irish Catholics who arrived as indentured servants but did not care for their English overlords.

•The Calvert family sided with the Stuarts in the English Civil War

•The Protestant planters in the colony sided with Parliament and ignored the Proprietor

•Calvert eventually appointed a Protestant governor

•In 1649, after the execution of King Charles I, the colonial legislature adopted An Act Concerning Religion, which granted toleration of all Christian faiths.

•In the 1650s, Parliament placed Maryland  under a Protestant council which repealed the Act ending toleration of Catholicism.

Rhode Island:

6.  Rhode Island

• Providence established 1635 +

• Initially established by Religious Dissenters from Massachusetts, followers of Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson.

• Became only of the original colonies where one was free to worship as one wished (Freedom of Worship).

• Dominant Native American tribe in the area Narrangasett.

Roger williams:

• Roger Williams graduated from Cambridge and was offered a position with the First Congregational Church in Boston. 

• He was brilliant

• Shortly after arrival began arguing that individuals should not be forced to join, attend, or support a Church with which they disagreed.

• Tried for heresy and expelled from the colony in 1635

• Received a charter for Rhode Island from Parliament in 1644 after King Charles I was imprisoned by Parliament

ANNE HUTCHINSON:

• Arrived in Boston in 1635 with husband and 13 children.

• Began interpreting sermons

• Developed many ideas which were antinomianist(believes you don't need ministers, or other big church figures) in nature.

• Tried for heresy and evicted from Massachusetts, Convicted and evicted for interpreting the bible, it was believed that women could interpret

• She and much of her family died in an Indian raid in 1642

• Many of her followers, including Mary Dyer who would later be hung in Massachusetts, became Quakers.

Connecticut:

7.  Connecticut

•Established 1639

•Founded by Non-Separatist who did not like the religious doctrine of the colony of Massachusetts

•Led by John Wheelwright

•Dominant Native American tribe in the area was  the Pequot.

The new england colonies:

The region consisted of Massachusetts, Plymouth Plantation, Rhode Island, and Connecticut

•The Dominion of New England would unify all of the New England colonies, plus New York, into a single colony. It failed.

•By 1791 the collective population numbered in excess of 91,000

•The average woman was married by age 22, and bore 7 children during her life

•Because of a healthier environment more children survived to adulthood

•Leadership believed religion was the primary factor for migration.  After the restoration of the Stuart family to the throne of England in 1660, New England increasingly became the center of Calvinist thinking within the English empire.

English colonial development

the first seven:

1.  Roanoke Island - Failed

2.  Jamestown, Virginia - Succeeded barely

3.  Plymouth Plantation - Succeeded as religious haven for Separatists (Pilgrims)

4.  Massachusetts Bay - Succeeded as religious outpost of Non-Separatists (Puritans)

5.  Maryland - Succeeded, but not as a religious haven for English Catholics

6.  Rhode Island - Succeeded as an outpost of Freedom of  Worship

7.  Connecticut - Succeeded as political refuge for Non-Separatists (Puritans) from Massachusetts

NEW YORK:

• New Netherlands was taken from the Dutch in the English-Dutch war of 1664.

• Charles II granted title to his brother James, Duke of York, with “full and absolute power” to govern as he wished.

•The eventual size of New York would be pared down by subsequent grants, some by James himself once he ascended the throne.

CAROLINA:

• In 1663, Charles II granted a charter to eight proprietors to establish a colony north of Spanish Florida.

•First colonists from England arrived seven years later, however, in the north, much like Maryland before, there had already been a large overflow of settlers from Virginia

looking for good tobacco lands.

•Subsequently, many of the initial colonists were middling planters from Barbados who had been pushed out as the large sugar planters of that colony exerted their control and developed even larger sugar plantations dependent on slave labor. Many of these colonists brought their slaves with them.

NEW HAMPSHIRE:

• New Hampshire was originally settled in 1623 by fishermen on a land grant made by the council of new england

• Very convoluted history, extremely independent residents, but authority claimed by massachusetts

• King Charles II finally issues a charter for the province of new hampshire in 1679

PENNYSLYLVANIA:

In 1681, charles II granted william penn large amounts of land to repay debt to penns father for returning the stuarts to the throne

Penn was a devout quaker and wanted a colony where his co-religionists could worship without fear of persecution

Penn offered religious liberty not just to quakers but to all religions except jews who were excluded from holding office

The province of georgia:

• The last of the original thirteen colonies

• Charter granted to general james olgethrope by gerole II

• Envisioned as a haven for English citizens who had been imprisoned for debt

• Placed severe restrictions as to plantation size, restrictions on spirituous beverages, prohibited slavery, and the growing of tobacco

The american colonies:

• By the time georgia was established, the carolinas had split into two

• The disputes in “the jersey’s” between william penn, and grantees who also received part of the territory from James II, had settled down and become one

• New Hampshire had long argued with Massachusetts that it was a separate colony and not part of Massachusetts

• The attempt to consolidate all of new england colonies with new york into a single entity had failed and been put to bed permanently

• What remained would eventually become the original thirteen states of the united states of america

The eastern lowlands, or coastal plains:

• It is important to note that not all of the English North American colonies became part of the United States. Many of those that did not were originally french or spanish

• Nonetheless the initial English colonies were established on the coastal plains that fronted the atlantic ocean

• The soil was rich enough to produce crops of wheat, corn, and most importantly in the colonial period, tobacco

• Several coastal villages would eventually develop into major seacoast cities notably boston, new york, norfolk, charleston, and savannah

protestant reformation

a religious reform movement that swept through europe in the 1500s

Puritans

During the first century after the English Reformation (c. 1530–1630) Puritans sought to “purify” the Church of England of all practices that smacked of Catholicism, advocating a simpler worship service, the abolition of ornate churches, and other reforms.

They had some success in pushing the Church of England in a more Calvinist direction, but with the coronation of King Charles I (r. 1625–1649), the Puritans gained an implacable foe that cast English Puritans as excessive and dangerous. Facing growing persecution

Puritans began the Great Migration, during which about twenty thousand people traveled to New England between 1630 and 1640. The Puritans (unlike the small band of separatist “Pilgrims” who founded Plymouth Colony in 1620) remained committed to reforming the Church of England but temporarily decamped to North America to accomplish this task.

RICE AND INDIGO

To attract colonists, the Lords Proprietor offered alluring incentives: religious tolerance, political representation by assembly, exemption from fees, and large land grants. These incentives worked, and Carolina grew quickly, attracting not only middling farmers and artisans but also wealthy planters. Colonists who could pay their own way to Carolina were granted 150 acres per family member. The Lords Proprietor allowed for enslaved people to be counted as members of the family. This encouraged the creation of large rice and indigo plantations along the coast of Carolina;

Great awakening

The grandchildren of the first settlers had been born into the comfort of well-established colonies and worried that their faith had suffered. This sense of inferiority sent colonists looking for a reinvigorated religious experience. The result came to be known as the Great Awakening.

The Great Awakening provided a language of individualism, reinforced in print culture, which reappeared in the call for independence.

quakers

Quakers were the first group to turn against slavery.

Quaker beliefs in radical nonviolence and the fundamental equality of all human souls made slavery hard to justify.

To pacifist Quakers, then, the very foundation of slavery was illegitimate. Furthermore, Quaker belief in the equality of souls challenged the racial basis of slavery.

By 1758, Quakers in Pennsylvania disowned members who engaged in the slave trade, and by 1772 slave-owning Quakers could be expelled from their meetings. These local activities in Pennsylvania had broad implications as the decision to ban slavery and slave trading was debated in Quaker meetings throughout the English-speaking world.

The free Black population in Philadelphia and other northern cities also continually agitated against slavery.

The religious differences between the various colonies.

The arrival of Africans in the Americas

•Beginning in the 1440s, ship captains carried enslaved Africans to Portugal. These Africans were valued primarily as domestic servants, as peasants provided the primary agricultural labor force in Western Europe.⁷ European expansion into the Americas introduced both settlers and European authorities to a new situation—an abundance of land and a scarcity of labor. Portuguese, Dutch, and English ships became the conduits for Africans forced to America. The western coast of Africa, the Gulf of Guinea, and the west-central coast were the sources of African captives. Wars of expansion and raiding parties produced captives who could be sold in coastal factories. African slave traders bartered for European finished goods such as beads, cloth, rum, firearms, and metal wares.

During the month of August 1619, an English privateer, The White Lion, arrived in Jamestown with somewhere between 20 and 30 Africans.

•The Africans were plundered off the Portuguese ship San Juan Bautista off the shore of Mexico.

•The Africans were sold as indentured servants because they had been baptized into the Christian faith by the Portuguese.  Indentured servitude was not slavery, but the inherent racism of the English settlers made it easy to convert the contractual arrangement into slavery, if for no other reason than the Africans did not understand the legal system into which they had been forcibly introduced. 

• The africans didn't speak english so the “contracts” went on as long as the slave holder pleased

• Labor was in short supply in virginia

The development of major nation states who participated in the Age of Discovery, and their role in it.

The Protestant Reformation, and the Reformation in England.

The economic development of the different sections of the English American colonies.

The sequence of founding of English American colonies.

Major crops grown in the southern colonies.

The European nations which developed colonies in North America