CH. 1 - Terminology, Positioning, and Imaging Principles

Chemical Level

Chemicals necessary for maintaining life are composed of

1. Atoms

2. Molecules

3. Cells

Levels of Human Structure Organization

1. Atoms

2. Molecule

3. Cell

4. Tissue

5. Organ

6. System

7. Organism

10 Different Body Systems

• Skeletal

• Muscular

• Circulatory

• Digestive

• Urinary

• Nervous

• Reproductive

• Lymphatic

• Endocrine

• Respiratory

Osteology

study of bones

Anthology

study of joints

Functions of Skeletal System

• Support & protect

• Produce blood cells

Functions of Circulatory System

• Distribute oxygen cells

• Transports waste products

• Protect against disease

Functions of Digestive System

Function to absorb food and eliminate waste

Digestive System consists of

• Alimentary Canal

• Accessory organs

Alimentary Canal

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus

Accessory Organs

salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

Urinary System consists of

kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra

Respiratory System consists of

nose, mouth, lungs, pharynx, larynx, trachea

Reproductive System consists of

testes (male)

ovaries (female)

Nervous System consists of

brain, spinal cord, nerves

3 Types of Muscles

skeletal - voluntary

smooth - involuntary

cardiac - involuntary

Endrocine System consists of

testes, ovaries, pancreas, adrenals, thymus, thyroid, parathyroid, pineal, pituitary

Axial Skeleton

• 80 bones - head, neck, trunk

Skull

• Cranium - 8

• Facial Bones - 16

Hyoid

Auditory ossicles - 6

Vertebral column - 26

Ribs - 24

Appendicular Skeletons

upper and lower extremity limbs, shoulder and pelvic girdles

• 126 bones

Synarthrosis

immovable joint

Amphiarthrosis

joint with limited movement

Diarthrosis

freely movable joint

Gomphosis

very limited movement

Gliding Joint Examples

Inter-metacarpal, Carpometacarpal, intercarpal

Sthenic

body styles are considered average in shape and internal organ location

Hyposthenic

a thin body style, which is more slender

Hypersthenic

a massive body style, which has a large and broad frame

Asthenic

very thin or slender with a long and narrow body build

Radiography

the process and procedure of producing a radiograph

Radiograph

the image produced either digitally or on x-ray film

Lateral Position

part closest to the film

LPO

Patient’s left posterior side touches the film - left posterior oblique

RAO

right anterior side touches the film - right anterior oblique

Decubitus Position

patient lies on a horizontal surface, detects air-fluid levels or free air in a body cavity

• chest or abdomen

• can be dorsal or ventral

Anteriorposterior (AP)

posterior is on the film and anterior is facing the tube

Posterioranterior

posterior is faciing the tube and anterior is on the film