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what system consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra
urinary system
the purpose of the urinary system is to
eliminate waste, regulate blood volume/pressure, control electrolyte and metabolite levels, regulate blood pH
The kidneys lie ____ in the abdomen
retroperitoneally
the kidneys usually extend from which to witch vertebrae
T12 to L3
list the layers in which the kidneys are surrounded in from deep to superficial
renal capsule, perirenal fat, renal fascia, pararenal fat
the point at which the ureter eits the kidney is the
hilum
the internal part of the kidney consists of
outer cortex and inner medulla
the renal pyramids are seperated by
renal columns
define renal lobe
the portion of the kidney consisting of a renal pyramid and renal cortex above it
the base of each renal pyramid terminates into a
renal papilla
the renal papilla drains into a collecting pool called the
minor calyx
minor calyces connect to form a
major calyx
major calyces connect to form a
renal pelvis
the order of the calyces is
minor calyx ā major calyx ā renal pelvis ā ureter
the five segmental arteries that enter the kidney are
interlobular arteries, arcuate arteries, interlobular arteries, afferent arterioles, glomerulus, efferent arterioles
what is a nephron
the functional unit of the kidney
when you form a capillary what is it formed by
renal corpuscle
what kind of capillaries is the glomerulus composed of
fenestrated capillaries
what kind of cells is the glomerulus composed of
endothelial cells
where in the kidney is the renal corpuscle located
the cortex
what occurs in the glomerulus
blood filtration
the pores/ openings in the endothelium of the glomerulus are called
fenestrae
what are the 2 layers that make up Bowmans capsule
visceral and parietal layer
the capsular space is locatedā¦
between the visceral and parietal layers
define podocytes
cells in the visceral layer of Bowmans capsule that wrap around the capillaries of the glomerulus
the slits that allow filtration of blood between pedicels are called
filtration slits
define pedicels
wraps around capillaries leaving slits between them
the layers that make up the renal corpuscle filtration barrier are
fenestrated endothelium, fused basal lamina, filtration slits
the glomerular filtrate consists of
water, glucose, amino acids, Ions, excretory material
the components that dont get filtered through the glomelular filtrate are
blood cells, albumin, platelets
the three primary steps in which kidneys filter blood is
glomerular filtration, tubular filtration, tubular secretion
define Glomerular hydrostatic pressure (GHP)
force of blood on wall of blood capillaries, pushes water out of the capillary
define Colloid osmotic pressure (COP
pressure created by proteins in the plasma, pulls water into the capillaries by osmosis
Define Capsular hydrostatic pressure (CHP)
accumulating filtrate inside the capsular space builds up a hydrostatic pressure, pushes water into the glomerular capillaries
define Net filtration pressure
sum of all pressures both hydrostatic and osmotic
the components of the renal tubule are
the proximal convoluted tubule, loop of henle, distal convoluted tubule w
which components of the renal tubule dump into a collecting duct
loop of henle and distal convoluted tubule
what epithelium lines the convoluted tubule
simple cuboidal epithelial cells with a brush border
the proximal convoluted tubule has a high capacity for
absorption
define the loop of henle
loop connecting the PCT and DCT
what are the three segments of the loop of henle
descending thin limb, ascending thick limb, ascending thin limb
what epithelium lines the distal convoluted tubule
simple cuboidal cells without microvilli
the cortical collecting ducts receive filtrate from multiple initial
collecting tubes
define juxtaglomerular apparatus
structure formed by most distal portion of ascending limb of loop of henle and the afferent arteriole
juxtaglomerular cells secrete what horomone
renin
macula densa in the juxtaglomerular complex contains
modified DCT cells
where can extraglomerular mesangial cells be found
lie between the arteriole and tubule cells
define the glomerular filtration rate
volume of filtrate formed by both kidneys per minute
the kidney can control itself through intrinsic controls also known as
renal autoregulation
which mechanisms allow the kidneys to operate auto-regulation of GFR without outside influence
myogenic mechanism and tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism
when the pressure on arterial wall increases and the walls are stretched the myogenic mechanism responds by
contracting the arteriole
when blood pressure drops myogenic mechanism responds by
relaxing the arteriole
when the GFr increase there is less time for NaCl to be reabsorbed in the ___ resulting in higher __
PCT, osmolarity in the filtrate
when the GFR decreases less NaCl is in the filtrate and most will be reabsorbed into the ____
macula densa
by the GFR decreasing this will cause the arteriole to
dilate
the extrinsic control mechanisms main function is to
maintain systemic blood pressure
when under stressful conditions the sympathetic nervous system, increases in activity which causes
vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles
what is the function of renin
converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
what is the function of Angiotensin-converting enzyme
converts inactive angiotensin I to active angiotensin II
ACE is important to
increase blood pressure
what horomone is released in response to angiotensin II or an increase of plasma K+
aldosterone
where is aldosterone released from
adrenal cortex
Note 
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