Urinary system notes

what system consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra

urinary system

the purpose of the urinary system is to

eliminate waste, regulate blood volume/pressure, control electrolyte and metabolite levels, regulate blood pH

The kidneys lie ____ in the abdomen

retroperitoneally

the kidneys usually extend from which to witch vertebrae

T12 to L3

list the layers in which the kidneys are surrounded in from deep to superficial

renal capsule, perirenal fat, renal fascia, pararenal fat

the point at which the ureter eits the kidney is the

hilum

the internal part of the kidney consists of

outer cortex and inner medulla

the renal pyramids are seperated by

renal columns

define renal lobe

the portion of the kidney consisting of a renal pyramid and renal cortex above it

the base of each renal pyramid terminates into a

renal papilla

the renal papilla drains into a collecting pool called the

minor calyx

minor calyces connect to form a

major calyx

major calyces connect to form a

renal pelvis

the order of the calyces is

minor calyx → major calyx → renal pelvis → ureter

the five segmental arteries that enter the kidney are

interlobular arteries, arcuate arteries, interlobular arteries, afferent arterioles, glomerulus, efferent arterioles

what is a nephron

the functional unit of the kidney

when you form a capillary what is it formed by

renal corpuscle

what kind of capillaries is the glomerulus composed of

fenestrated capillaries

what kind of cells is the glomerulus composed of

endothelial cells

where in the kidney is the renal corpuscle located

the cortex

what occurs in the glomerulus

blood filtration

the pores/ openings in the endothelium of the glomerulus are called

fenestrae

what are the 2 layers that make up Bowmans capsule

visceral and parietal layer

the capsular space is located…

between the visceral and parietal layers

define podocytes

cells in the visceral layer of Bowmans capsule that wrap around the capillaries of the glomerulus

the slits that allow filtration of blood between pedicels are called

filtration slits

define pedicels

wraps around capillaries leaving slits between them

the layers that make up the renal corpuscle filtration barrier are

fenestrated endothelium, fused basal lamina, filtration slits

the glomerular filtrate consists of

water, glucose, amino acids, Ions, excretory material

the components that dont get filtered through the glomelular filtrate are

blood cells, albumin, platelets

the three primary steps in which kidneys filter blood is

glomerular filtration, tubular filtration, tubular secretion

define Glomerular hydrostatic pressure (GHP)

force of blood on wall of blood capillaries, pushes water out of the capillary

define Colloid osmotic pressure (COP

pressure created by proteins in the plasma, pulls water into the capillaries by osmosis

Define Capsular hydrostatic pressure (CHP)

accumulating filtrate inside the capsular space builds up a hydrostatic pressure, pushes water into the glomerular capillaries

define Net filtration pressure

sum of all pressures both hydrostatic and osmotic

the components of the renal tubule are

the proximal convoluted tubule, loop of henle, distal convoluted tubule w

which components of the renal tubule dump into a collecting duct

loop of henle and distal convoluted tubule

what epithelium lines the convoluted tubule

simple cuboidal epithelial cells with a brush border

the proximal convoluted tubule has a high capacity for

absorption

define the loop of henle

loop connecting the PCT and DCT

what are the three segments of the loop of henle

descending thin limb, ascending thick limb, ascending thin limb

what epithelium lines the distal convoluted tubule

simple cuboidal cells without microvilli

the cortical collecting ducts receive filtrate from multiple initial

collecting tubes

define juxtaglomerular apparatus

structure formed by most distal portion of ascending limb of loop of henle and the afferent arteriole

juxtaglomerular cells secrete what horomone

renin

macula densa in the juxtaglomerular complex contains

modified DCT cells

where can extraglomerular mesangial cells be found

lie between the arteriole and tubule cells

define the glomerular filtration rate

volume of filtrate formed by both kidneys per minute

the kidney can control itself through intrinsic controls also known as

renal autoregulation

which mechanisms allow the kidneys to operate auto-regulation of GFR without outside influence

myogenic mechanism and tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism

when the pressure on arterial wall increases and the walls are stretched the myogenic mechanism responds by

contracting the arteriole

when blood pressure drops myogenic mechanism responds by

relaxing the arteriole

when the GFr increase there is less time for NaCl to be reabsorbed in the ___ resulting in higher __

PCT, osmolarity in the filtrate

when the GFR decreases less NaCl is in the filtrate and most will be reabsorbed into the ____

macula densa

by the GFR decreasing this will cause the arteriole to

dilate

the extrinsic control mechanisms main function is to

maintain systemic blood pressure

when under stressful conditions the sympathetic nervous system, increases in activity which causes

vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles

what is the function of renin

converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I

what is the function of Angiotensin-converting enzyme

converts inactive angiotensin I to active angiotensin II

ACE is important to

increase blood pressure

what horomone is released in response to angiotensin II or an increase of plasma K+

aldosterone

where is aldosterone released from

adrenal cortex