HIS Final Definitions

Laugier, Essai sur l’Architecture/Essays on Architecture

a book published in 1753 by Marc-Antoine Laugier, a French architectural theorist. It pushed for a return to simple, natural architecture

ex. Monticello II

L’architecture parlante

French for “speaking architecture'“, being able to read the function of building from the exterior

ex. Royal Salt Works

A. W. N. Pugin’s Book, Contrasts

contrasts was published in 1836 by Augustus Pugin, a key figure in the Gothic Revival movement in England

ex. Houses of Parliament

Industrial Revolution

The process of change from an agrarian and handicraft economy to one dominated by industry and machine manufacturing

ex. Crystal Palace

Viollet-le-Duc

French architect and author, famous for his restoration of the most prominent medieval landmarks in France

ex. Notre-Dame, Paris

Ecole des Beaux-Arts

French architecture school whose primary mission is to provide high-level fine arts education

ex. Garnier’s Paris Opera House

Georges Eugene Baron Haussmann

a French administrator responsible for the transformation of Paris through urban renewal projects

ex. Widening boulevards, incorporating uniform facades, developing modern infrastructure

Mansard Roof

A type of roof with steep slopes on every side. It often encompasses the upper floor of the building

ex. Biltmore

John Ruskin, Seven Lamps of Architecture

a book including Ruskin’s 7 principles of architecture (beauty, truth, sacrifice, life, power, obedience, and memory)

ex. Lamp of Truth

Skyscraper

A multi story building with self-supporting steel frames, elevators, fireproof materials

ex. Monadnock Building

Louis Sullivan, “The Tall Office Building Artistically Considered”

an essay by Louis Sullivan written in 1896 that argued tall buildings should express thier own height and follow a clear logic, not imitate styles

ex. Wainwright Building

Staff

artificial stone of powdered gypsum

ex. used in many buildings of the 1893 World’s Columbian Exhibition

Plan of Chicago

inspirational neoclassical plan for Chicago in the style of Paris, making a more organized and efficient city

ex. Burnham Plan

William Morris

a textile and wallpaper designer who believed (machines are evil)

ex. his ideas made him the Father of the Arts and Crafts Movement

Bungalow

a type of low house with a low pitch roof and large front porch

ex. Gamble House by Greene and Greene

The Prairie Style

was an early American architectual movement led by FLW. It emphasized horizontal lines, open floor plans, and harmony with the natural landscape

ex. Ward Willits House, FLW

Wright’s “The Art and Craft of the Machine”

an essay published by Wright in 1901 that argued machine was not the enemy of art but could instead be used as a machine to facilitate art

ex. Larkin Administration Building

Major core influences on Wright

wright allegedly cited his core influences as nature, Japanese prints, Sullivan, Froebel blocks, and 19th-C trancendentalism

ex. he utilized these ideals in many of his works, such as the Unity Temple

Ribbon Windows

long horizontal bands of windows

ex. Francis Little House by FLW

“Breaking of the Box”

designing rooms that are not box shaped, moving to organic forms

ex. Unity Temple by FLW

Path of Discovery

design of a pathway usually w/ multiple turns that encourages the visitor to experience a building in a specific way

ex. Unity Temple

Gesamtkunstwerk

german meaning “total work of art”

ex. Ms. Cranston’s Tea rooms

Zeitgeist

a word of german origin meaning “The spirit of the time”

ex. Crystal Palace

Loos, Ornament and Crime

was a 1908 essay written by Adolf Loos claiming that ornament was regressive and morally corrupt. He claimed architecture should be functional and minimalist

ex. Loos’ Steiner House