eriksons stages of psychological development

1. Infancy (Birth to 18 months): Trust vs. Mistrust.

Infants learn to trust their caregivers for basic needs, developing a sense of hope and optimism. If needs are consistently unmet, mistrust can develop, leading to anxiety and fear.

2. Toddlerhood (18 months to 3 years): Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt.

Toddlers strive for independence and control over their actions and environment, developing a sense of will and confidence. Over-control or criticism can lead to feelings of shame and doubt.

Preschool (3 to 5 years): Initiative vs. Guilt.

Preschoolers take initiative in their play and interactions, developing a sense of purpose and direction. If their initiative is discouraged, they may develop feelings of guilt and inadequacy.

4. School Age (6 to 11 years): Industry vs. Inferiority.

School-aged children strive for competence and mastery in academic and social areas, developing a sense of competence and self-worth. Failure can lead to feelings of inferiority and inadequacy.

5. Adolescence (12 to 18 years): Identity vs. Role Confusion

Adolescents explore their values, beliefs, and sense of self, seeking to establish a stable identity. Failure to establish a clear identity can lead to role confusion and a sense of uncertainty.

6. Young Adulthood (18 to 40 years): Intimacy vs. Isolation.

Young adults focus on forming intimate and loving relationships, developing a sense of love and belonging. Isolation can result from difficulty forming close relationships.

7. Middle Adulthood (40 to 65 years): Generativity vs. Stagnation.

Middle-aged adults seek to contribute to the world and leave a legacy, developing a sense of care and concern for future generations. Stagnation can result from a lack of purpose and productivity.

8. Late Adulthood (65+ years): Integrity vs. Despair.

Older adults reflect on their lives, accepting the events that have shaped them and achieving a sense of wisdom and fulfillment. Despair can result from regrets and a sense of unfulfilled potential.