final exam flash cards

which of the following microorganisms are known to produce feremente as vinegar, cheese, and bread

bacteria

which of the following best describes the role of normal microbiotal in the human body

they prevent the growth of pathogens

(a.) psychrophilic bacteria

cold-loving and grow at low temperatures

(b.) oxidoreductases

catalyze oxidation-reduction reaction

(c.) most bacteria

prefer a pH of 6.5-7.5 for optimal growth

(d.) obligate anaerobes

cannot tolerate the presence of oxygen

(e.) krebs cycle

produces a small about of ATP and reduces NAD+ to NADH, carbon shuttle

(f.) fermentation

used by some bacteria to produce lactic acid

(g.) facultative halophiles

they are able to grwo with 2-10% salt concentration (higher osmotic pressure)

(h.) yeasts and molds

prefer slightly acidic pH (5-6) for optimal growth

(i.) emden-meyerhof pathway

is involved in the initial breakdown of glucose

(j.) facultative anaerobe

require oxygen to grow optimally

which of the following is a key role of microbes in the enviroment

generating oxygen by photosynthesis

which scientific figure established the system of scientific nomeclature used today

carolus linnaeus

what is the primary function of the protein coat surrounding a virus

to protect the viral genetic material

what distinguishes protozoa from other microorganisms

motility via pseudopods, cilia, or flagella

which domain of life includes organisms with a distinct nucleus

eukarya

viruses

not composed of cells, require host cell to "live"

helminths

multi-cellular animals with microscopic reproductive cells

fungi

cell wall made of chitin

bacillus subtillis

gram+ rod common soil organism, forms endospores

escherichia coli

gram- rod, gastrointestinal microbiome

archaea

prokaryote without peptidoglycan cell wall

staphylococcus aureus

gram+ cocci, clusters, skin microbiome organism

protozoa

unicellular complex, cell structure lacking a cell wall

pseudomonas fluorescens

gram- rod, psychrophilic food spoilage organism

bacteria

cell wall made of peptidoglycan

which of the following is a function of algae in the ecosystem

decomposing organic waste

quaternary ammonium ion

lipid containing plasma membranes

soaps and detergents

primarily degerming agents, not effective as disinfectants

chlorine products

used for disinfection of pools, also first anti-septic used for hand washing prior surgery (J. Lister)

phenolics

stay active in the presence of organic compounds, useful for disinfection of pus

lysozyme

enzyme that attacks the cell wall (peptidoglycan)

commericial sterilization

used for canned foods, destroys endospores like c. botulinum

penicillin

antibiotic that disrupts cell wall biosynthesis, A. Fleming discovered

iodine

combines with amino acids and unsaturated fatty acids, altering their structure and ability to funtion

pasteurization

brief heat killing harmful pathogens, (not sterilization)

alcohols

denatures protein, can also disrupt membranes and dissolve many lipids, including components enveloped viruses

which of the following is a selective ingredient in macConkey agar?

bile salts

what is the primary function of mannitol salt agar (MSA) in microbiological studies

to select for staphylococcus species

the enzyme responsible for breaking down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen _____

catalase

which type of bacteria requires oxygen concentration lower than air

microaerophiles

which of the following is a characteristic of facultative anaerobes

grow via fermentation or anaerobic respiration when oxygen is not available

which type of fermentation results in the production of lactic acid only

homolactic fermentation

what is the final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration

oxygen

the enteroPluri test is used to identify members of the bacterial family

enterobacteriaceae

what is the effect of high temperature and extreme pH on proteins

they denature proteins

why are quaternary ammounium compunds less effective against gram-negative bacteria

gram negative bacteria have an outer membrane

what is significant concern regarding the increased use of disinfectants during the COVID-19 pandemic

selection of antibiotic-resistant bacteria

what is the primary reason for the decreased diversity of the eukaryome in industrialized nations

improved hygiene and availability of medications

which statement best describes the endosymbiont theory?

eukaryotic cells eveolved from prokaryotic cells through a symbiotic relationship

what characteristic make endospores highly resistant to extreme conditions

thick walls and additional layers

what is the primary function of bacterial capsules

protection from phagocytosis

how do plasmids contribute to bacterial survival

by carrying non-crucial genes such as antibiotic resistance

in gram-negative bacteria, the____ is a component that protects against phagocytes and antibiotics

lipopolysaccharide

impact of acellular pertusis vaccine (DTaP) on the incidence of whooping cough

it has reduced the incidence but not eradicated it

the presence of _____ in the neonata gut microbiome indicates a more aerobic state of the early gut system

enterobacteriaceae

which of the following microbial species is prevalent in the microbiota of infants delivered vaginally

lactobacillus

what microorganisms that we have discussed are membrane of the human microbiome and also opportunistic pathogens that can also cause disease

(a&b) staphylococcus aureus, and streptococcus pyogenes

which of the following statement is TRUE regarding the mouse models of obesity and their relevance to human microbiome

(b&c) using human twin GI microbiota (lean vs. obese), obesity can be reproduced in mice with the human obese derived microbiota AND although some mouse microorganism and relationships in the mouse GI microbiome are not replicated in humans...

yeast

candida albicans & thrush

actinobacteria

corynebacterium dip & lysogenized phage produces toxin

beta proteobacteria

burkholderia cepacia, cystic fibrosis pathogen

bacteriodetes

B. fragilis, helpful in mouse model of autism

firmicutes

clostrioides difficile, fecal transplant often requirement after disease

epsiolon proteobacteria

helicobacter pylori, stomach ulcers cancer

dental carries

streptococcus mutans, lactic fermenter

gamma proteobacteria

haemophilus influenzae, risk of meningitis to infants

fusobacterium nucleatum

oral and gut microbiome, associated with colon cancer

periodontal disease

polymicrobial infection, porphymonas gingivalis

treponema denticola

oral spirochete, member of the red group in oral cavity

Gram positive encapsulated diplococci

vaccine for older adults, streptococcus pneumoniae

the effectiveness of using vaginal microbiota swabs for c-section infants in reducing long-term health risks has been shown by all the following except

replacing the c-section infant's microbiome to the mother's microbiome ensures IBD will never occur

what are the primary roles of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) produced by gut microbiota

providing energy to colonocytes and regulating inflammation

what is the primary cause of C. diff infections/disease in healthcare settings

poor hygiene practices

normal microbiota do the following to protect the host from pathogenic infections, EXCEPT

(except) produce toxins that cause tissue damage

which of the following is true of scarlet fever

(a&d) its caused by streptococcus pyogenes AND lysogenization of the host bacteria causes skin reddening

how do probiotics differ from probiotics in their functions

prebiotics stimulate the growth of beneficial bacterial, while probiotics are live beneficial bacteria

what is the role of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) play in the infant gut

they suppress pathogenic bacterial infection

which dietary pattern is recommended for patients with inflammatory Bowel Disease

mediterranean diet rich in fruit, veggies, and healthy fats

the gut brain axis involves bidirectional communication between the central nervous system and the _______ nervous system

enteric

how does the global gut project differ from the human microbiome project

it includes diverse populations and age groups

virulence factors that have been described for salmonella enterica include all of the following EXCEPT

heat stable enterotoxin

staph. aureus

heat stable enterotoxin, food poisining

e. coli ETEC

traveler's disease, waterborne frequently

clostridium perfringes

causes gas gangrene, enterotoxin/endosporulation

innate immunte response

phagocytes, PAMPs/PRRs

super antigens

recruitment of T cells, TSS (toxic shock syndrome)

adaptive immune response

lymphocytes, immune memory

antibody classes

igM first made, IgG after igM

tolerance

recognition of self, autoimmunity related to loss

E. coli O157/H7

cattle manure, shiga toxin

salmonella enterica

invasion of host cell, type III injection

clostridium botulinum

neurotoxin, flaccid paralysis

which bacterial component is most likely to cause septic shock in gram negative sepsis

endotoxins

which cytokine is known for its role in inducing fever during an immune response

interleukin-1 (IL-1)

which of the following is a characteristic of adaptive immunity

improves with exposure

what is the primary function of antibodies in the immune system

to mark extracellular invaders for destruction

evaluate the potential benefits and drawbacks of fever as an immune response mechanism

fever enhances immune mechanisms but can be harmful if too high

what is the main purpose of pasteurization in food preservation

to reduce microbial numbers and eliminate pathogens