pe unit 3 aos 1 EDIT

cognitive stage

understanding the skill

• focus is on producing repeated movement routines

• movements are inconsistent, stiff, and uncoordinated

• inconssitent performance

• rapid improvement

• little ability to self correct

associative stage

refining skills

• movements become more conssitent with fewer errors

• learner starts developing problem solving strategies

• gradual improvement

• focus shifts toward external stimuli (opponents, ball spin)

autonomous stage

• skill becomes ingrained and second nature

• can detect errors and self-correct

• focus shifts to tactical awareness and decision making

• performance are smooth, coordinated and consistent with few errors

direct based approach

• learners are given explicit instructions

• coaches make all decisions

• skills learnt in isolation prior to game participation

• learners aspire textbook technique

direct based approach advantages

• Maximises practice time

• Keeps learner ‘on task’

• Effective in the early stages of learning

• Learning is immediately evident

• Emphasis on developing sound technique

• It provides a predictable/closed environment to assist the beginner skill learner

direct based approach disadvantages

• Boring repetitious drills

• Poor transfer of learning

• Learners become overly dependent on coach’s instructions for successful performance

• Does not develop decision-making skills

• The learner is more susceptible to skill errors in the competitive environment

constraints based approach

• learner driven method

• develops technical skills and tactical awareness

• use of small sided modified games

• learners are placed in game context ASAP

constraints based approach advantages

• Practice sessions are more representative of game environment

• Skills developed are applicable to the game environment

• Development of tactical/strategic awareness and decision-making skills

• Motivating — participants empowered to find solutions

constraints based approach disadvantages

• The cognitive-stage learner may become overwhelmed with rules, tactics and new skills

• Technical skills may lack refinement

• may not be appropriate for large groups or younger athletes

• May take longer for skills to develop as individual feedback from the coach is more difficult to provide

practice type

part - breaking down the skill

whole - practicing the whole skill

practice distribution

massed

• little to no rest

• fewer but longer sessions

distributed

• equal rest and practice

• more frequent but shorter sessions

practice variability

blocked - repeating same skill under the same conditions

random - ransom skills practiced in random order

blocked practice advantages

• focus on one skill

• free from distractions

• significant improvement during practice

• builds confidence

random practice advantages

• more representative of game environment

• develops problem solving skills

preparation

gather relevant knowledge

• purpose of analysis and focus

• which players will be observed

• how it will be conducted (technology?)

observation

gather data and info (through watching live or recording)

limitation → subjective due to different opinions and perceptions

error corrections

provide feedback to improve

modify training, include skill drills

motion

Motion refers to a body’s change in position in relation to time.

force

pushes or pulls that change an object’s movement

inertia

the resistance of a body to change its state of motion

• the heavier the mass of an object, the greater its inertia

  • The harder it is to move

  • The harder it is to slow down/stop when it is moving

velocity

the rate of motion as determined by displacement divided by the time taken

acceleration

ANY change in velocity over a period of time.

speed

the rate of motion as determined by distance covered divided by the time taken

momentum

the amount of motion that a moving object has

• = mass x velocity

conservation of momentum

describes how the total momentum of the two objects before a collision is equal to the total momentum of the two objects after the collision.

moment of inertia

measure of an object’s resistance to change its rate of rotation

• = mass x radius²

dependent on:

• The mass of the rotating object/body

• The distance from the axis of rotation that the weight is distributed

angular momentum

measure of rotation of a body around an axis

• = MOI x angular velocity

spreading mass

• harder to spin

• higher moment of inertia

mass closer to axis

• easier to spin

• lower moment of inertia

summation

the adding of different body parts to accumulate a greater overall force via the contribution of all these parts

summation of momentum (best results)

• Use as many body parts as possible

• Use larger muscles first before smaller muscles (correct sequence of body parts.

• Combine movements of these body parts in a coordinated/ well-timed sequence of movements

• Have a stable base and use a follow through

impulse

product of force and time

• = force x time

• affected by length of time force is applied and magnitude of the unbalanced force

newtons 1st law

• An object at rest will remain at rest until a force causes it to accelerate

• An object in motion will continue its motion unless a force causes it to slow down or change direction

newtons 2nd law

When a force acts on an object, the acceleration that takes place depends on the applied, and the amount of force mass of the object

newtons 3rd law

• For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction

• When an object exerts a force on a second object, the second object must also exert an equal-sized force back into the first object in the opposite direction

lower mechanical advantage =

higher velocity

harder to move