ANA-MODULE-2

Runway

Runway

A defined rectangular area on a land aerodrome prepared for the landing and take-off of aircraft.

Runway markings

Markings on the runway surface that provide guidance to pilots operating on the airport surface during arrival and departure.

Runway signs

Signs on the airport surface that provide guidance to pilots operating on the airport surface during arrival and departure.

International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)

The organization that standardizes airport markings and signs internationally to enhance safety and improve efficiency.

Magnetic azimuth

The magnetic direction of the runway's heading, used to determine the runway number.

Crosswind component

The component of the wind that is perpendicular to the runway, which can impact the safety of landing or takeoff.

Prevailing wind

The most common wind direction at a particular location, which is desirable for the orientation of the primary runway.

Parallel runways

Runways that are placed next to each other in the same direction.

Close parallel runways

Parallel runways with less than 2,500 feet between each pair.

Intermediate parallel runways

Parallel runways with between 2,500 to 4,300 feet between each pair.

Far parallel runway

Parallel runways with 4,300 feet or greater between each pair.

Intersecting runways

Runways that cross each other, used when there are relatively strong prevailing winds from more than one direction.

Non-intersecting runways

Runways that diverge from different directions and do not intersect, forming an "open-V" shape.1. Airspace capacity:The maximum number of aircraft entering or occupying an airspace sector in a given period of time.

Environmental factors

Factors such as noise, air and water quality that should be considered when locating and orienting a runway.

Obstructions to navigation

Man-made or natural obstacles that may affect the placement and orientation of a runway.

Air traffic control visibility

The visibility conditions required for air traffic control operations.

Wildlife hazards

The presence of wildlife that may pose a risk to aircraft during takeoff and landing.

Terrain and soil considerations

Factors related to the physical characteristics of the land and soil that may affect runway design and construction.

Runway length requirements

The factors that determine the necessary length of a runway, including airport elevation, temperature, runway gradient, airplane operating weights, and runway surface conditions.

Small airplanes

Aircraft weighing no more than 12,500 pounds, further divided into categories based on the number of passenger seats.

Runway length recommendations

Recommended runway lengths for accommodating different categories of small airplanes.

Performance requirements

Requirements imposed by the government on aircraft manufacturers and operations that affect runway length.

Temperature

The effect of temperature on runway length, with higher temperatures requiring longer runways.

Surface wind

The impact of wind direction and strength on the required runway length.

Runway slope

The slope or gradient of the runway, which can affect the length needed for takeoff and landing.

Altitude of the airport

The elevation of the airport, which can influence runway length requirements.

Condition of the runway surface

The state of the runway surface, including wet or slippery conditions, which can affect runway length.

Runway width

The recommended width of a runway, with a standard width of 100 feet for certain aircraft categories.

Runway pavement strength

The ability of the pavement to withstand the weight of aircraft, indicated by the pavement classification number (PCN).

Flexible pavement categories

Categories indicating the strength value of flexible (typically asphalt) pavement.

Rigid pavement categories

Categories indicating the strength value of rigid (typically concrete) pavement.

Maximum tire pressure

The maximum tire pressure that the pavement can support, indicated by a letter or number classification.1. PCN:The value indicating load-carrying capacity of the underlying pavement, calculated through technical evaluation.

Runway Designators

Numbers and letters used to identify a runway based on its magnetic heading.

Runway Centerline Marking

A broken white stripe that identifies the center of the runway and provides alignment guidance for aircraft.

Runway Touchdown Zone Markers

Markings consisting of rectangular bars that provide distance information in 500 feet increments for landing operations.

Runway Edge-line

An unbroken white stripe indicating the edges of the runway and the full-strength pavement.

Runway Aiming Point

Two rectangular markings consisting of a broad white stripe located on each side of the runway centerline, serving as a visual aiming point for landing aircraft.

Runway Shoulder Stripes

Markings used to identify pavement areas contiguous to the runway sides that are not intended for use by aircraft.

Runway Threshold Markings

Markings at the beginning of the runway that help identify the available landing area, either consisting of eight longitudinal stripes or a number of stripes related to the runway width.

Displaced Threshold

A threshold that is moved back due to obstructions, prohibiting normal descent to landing on the initial portion of the pavement.