AP Gov. unit 2-Federalism presentation/pre essay notes

Unitary form of gov.

China, Great Britain

Federal form of gov.

US, Mexico

confederation

Russia, former confederate states, article of confederation

why did framers like federalism

its a way to check power

if states or fed rights invade one another…

they can make use of other as instrument of redress (They can keep each other in check if one gets out of control)

10th amendment

any power not specifically given to the federal gov. was reserved to the states.

what did the founders think of the states

they though that the states would be strong enough to protect your liberties.

the federal gov.’s powers given by the constitution are…

FEW AND DEFINED

state powers given by the constitution are….

numerous and indefinite

elastic/ necessary and proper clause

gives congress the power to make laws that are necessary to carry out the constitutions other powers

• an example is a federal bank; the Importance of a Federal Bank is that it stabilizes the economy, regulates currency, and provides financial services to the government

• Mr. Johnsons example of his son mowing the lawn and having to do extra things to be able to complete the task.

John marshal

Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court who ruled in the case of McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) that Maryland could not tax the Second Bank of the United States. This decision reinforced federal power over state laws and established the principle of implied powers, affirming the supremacy of federal legislation.

McCulloch v Maryland

*The Supreme Court was pro federal gov. at the time

• Maryland tried to tax bank of USA

• chief general Marshall ruled that “The power to tax is the power to destroy”, so the state of Maryland cannot tax the US bank

• this was a tremendous victory of fed. over state

Compact Theory

the constitution is a compact agreement between the states. since states created the constitution, the states can get rid of it.

National Theory

the constitution is the agreement of the people. only ppl can get rid of the constitution/gov.

Layer cake Federalism

relationship between state and national gov’t are clearly spelled out and distinct; aka Dual federalism

Marble Cake Federalism

a mix of authority and programs among the national, state, and local governments. Also known as Cooperative Federalism.

expressed powers

written in the constitution to national gov.

- Ex would be to declare war.

Reserved powers

powers that belong to the states; only the states have them

-ex. books, education are all dictated by state.

concurrent powers

powers shared between national and state governments

• ex. taxation

how many types of city gov are there?

there are 3 types of city governments
mayor council, council manager, and commission form.

mayor-council form of city gov

this is most common; there are two types of mayor council city gov.

1. weak mayor-small towns. has no power, what we have in Selma

2. Strong mayor-big cities. very powerful just like a president but for city. elected separate from the city council. (Fresno, LA, Clovis)

Council-manager form of city gov

The city council hires an employee manager to run the city.(Selma has it)

Commission form of city gov

Very rare; its where different commissioners get other and act like a council.

ex.-head of: police, fire dept, and public force get together and act as council

how long is a governors term

4 years

california legislature

has upper and lower house

Upper house (CA)

is called the Senate, 40 members that serve for 4 years

lower house (CA)

called the “assembly”, has 80 members that serve for 2 years

what do senate and assembly represent?

they represent drawn districts

where does local gov. get most of its money?

from state gov.

where does state gov get most of its money?

from federal gov.

categorical grants

$ for specific purpose like hiring teachers

Block Grants

$ for general purpose like education

Revenue sharing

$ to spend as states wish (We like this the most because we can do whatever we want with it)

Unfunded Mandates

when gov makes you do something and doesn’t give you any money. (Not good)

ex. Americans w disabilities act

intergovernmental lobby

special interest group formed by lower-level government in an attempt to influence higher-level government. used to argue against laws created by higher level gov.

Dual Federalism ll

began after civil war, showed that federal gov. was in charge (Layer cake)

cooperative federalism

began in 1932 with FDR’s New deal. there’s no clear difference between federal and state gov responsibilities. (Marble cake)

who did creative federalism start with?

1964 it started with Lyndon B Johnson’s great society which was just an expansion of cooperative federalism.

what did Nixon’s new federalism do?

1969 gave more responsibilities to the states; gave them funds to carry out responsibilities.

Reagan’s federalism

continued to give more responsibilities to the states just like Nixon but did NOT give funds -(Unfunded mandate)

George Bush l’s federalism

continued to give responsibilities like Reagans with unfunded mandates (disabilities act)

Clinton’s federalism

did what Nixon did and gave responsibilities but made sure they got fully funded.

George W. Bush

retreated back to his father’s and Reagan’s way giving responsibilities but is (Unfunded)- exemplified with the no child left behind program

Obama’s federalism

went back to FDR’s cooperative federalism policies (marble)