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Unitary form of gov.
China, Great Britain
Federal form of gov.
US, Mexico
confederation
Russia, former confederate states, article of confederation
why did framers like federalism
its a way to check power
if states or fed rights invade one another…
they can make use of other as instrument of redress (They can keep each other in check if one gets out of control)
10th amendment
any power not specifically given to the federal gov. was reserved to the states.
what did the founders think of the states
they though that the states would be strong enough to protect your liberties.
the federal gov.’s powers given by the constitution are…
FEW AND DEFINED
state powers given by the constitution are….
numerous and indefinite
elastic/ necessary and proper clause
gives congress the power to make laws that are necessary to carry out the constitutions other powers
an example is a federal bank; the Importance of a Federal Bank is that it stabilizes the economy, regulates currency, and provides financial services to the government
Mr. Johnsons example of his son mowing the lawn and having to do extra things to be able to complete the task.
John marshal
Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court who ruled in the case of McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) that Maryland could not tax the Second Bank of the United States. This decision reinforced federal power over state laws and established the principle of implied powers, affirming the supremacy of federal legislation.
McCulloch v Maryland
*The Supreme Court was pro federal gov. at the time
Maryland tried to tax bank of USA
chief general Marshall ruled that “The power to tax is the power to destroy”, so the state of Maryland cannot tax the US bank
this was a tremendous victory of fed. over state
Compact Theory
the constitution is a compact agreement between the states. since states created the constitution, the states can get rid of it.
National Theory
the constitution is the agreement of the people. only ppl can get rid of the constitution/gov.
Layer cake Federalism
relationship between state and national gov’t are clearly spelled out and distinct; aka Dual federalism
Marble Cake Federalism
a mix of authority and programs among the national, state, and local governments. Also known as Cooperative Federalism.
expressed powers
written in the constitution to national gov.
- Ex would be to declare war.
Reserved powers
powers that belong to the states; only the states have them
-ex. books, education are all dictated by state.
concurrent powers
powers shared between national and state governments
ex. taxation
how many types of city gov are there?
there are 3 types of city governments
mayor council, council manager, and commission form.
mayor-council form of city gov
this is most common; there are two types of mayor council city gov.
weak mayor-small towns. has no power, what we have in Selma
Strong mayor-big cities. very powerful just like a president but for city. elected separate from the city council. (Fresno, LA, Clovis)
Council-manager form of city gov
The city council hires an employee manager to run the city.(Selma has it)
Commission form of city gov
Very rare; its where different commissioners get other and act like a council.
ex.-head of: police, fire dept, and public force get together and act as council
how long is a governors term
4 years
california legislature
has upper and lower house
Upper house (CA)
is called the Senate, 40 members that serve for 4 years
lower house (CA)
called the “assembly”, has 80 members that serve for 2 years
what do senate and assembly represent?
they represent drawn districts
where does local gov. get most of its money?
from state gov.
where does state gov get most of its money?
from federal gov.
categorical grants
$ for specific purpose like hiring teachers
Block Grants
$ for general purpose like education
Revenue sharing
$ to spend as states wish (We like this the most because we can do whatever we want with it)
Unfunded Mandates
when gov makes you do something and doesn’t give you any money. (Not good)
ex. Americans w disabilities act
intergovernmental lobby
special interest group formed by lower-level government in an attempt to influence higher-level government. used to argue against laws created by higher level gov.
Dual Federalism ll
began after civil war, showed that federal gov. was in charge (Layer cake)
cooperative federalism
began in 1932 with FDR’s New deal. there’s no clear difference between federal and state gov responsibilities. (Marble cake)
who did creative federalism start with?
1964 it started with Lyndon B Johnson’s great society which was just an expansion of cooperative federalism.
what did Nixon’s new federalism do?
1969 gave more responsibilities to the states; gave them funds to carry out responsibilities.
Reagan’s federalism
continued to give more responsibilities to the states just like Nixon but did NOT give funds -(Unfunded mandate)
George Bush l’s federalism
continued to give responsibilities like Reagans with unfunded mandates (disabilities act)
Clinton’s federalism
did what Nixon did and gave responsibilities but made sure they got fully funded.
George W. Bush
retreated back to his father’s and Reagan’s way giving responsibilities but is (Unfunded)- exemplified with the no child left behind program
Obama’s federalism
went back to FDR’s cooperative federalism policies (marble)
Note
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