umich psych 250 exam 2 set 2

Trust vs Mistrust

infants learn basic trust if the world is a secure place where their basic needs are met

Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt

infants succeed in gaining sense of self rule over their own actions and bodies

Cognitive theory

Infants form a concept of what to expect from other people

Sociocultural Theory

the importance of context in infant development

Ethnotheory

a child-rearing theory embedded in a particular culture or ethnic group

Proximal parenting

close, physical contact with child's entire body

Distal Parenting

more physical distance in parenting

Keller et al

videotaped moms and children, found that the Africa mothers were proximal and toddler did not recognize themselves in a mirror, Greek parents were distal and toddlers were self aware but not compliant

Basic emotions in first year

Happiness, anger, fear

Social smile

appears at 6 weeks

Self conscious emotions

emerge in second year as toddlers become aware of self as separate and unique

Self-awareness

realization you are unique ad separate from others

Me-self

emerges around 15-18 months

Dot of rouge experiment

Put dot of lipstick on nose, if touched their nose while looking in the mirror than they were self aware

Temperament

inborn differences between one person and another in emotions, activity, and self control

Stupica, Sherman, and Cassidy Work

Three types of children temperament, assess attachment at 12 months using strange situations, infants who were insecurely attached were less social and less skilled at exploring, especially true for more irritable

Easy

predictable, quick to establish a routine, cheerful, adaptable (40%)

Difficult

doesn't transition well, no general routine (10%)

Slow to warm up

In new situations they take a while to warm up, but then are good to go (15%)

Unclassified

don't fit into any other categories (35%)

Jerome Kagan work on predictors of shyness and sociability

Can classify temperament at 4 months, temperament is a result of neural activities in the brain

Goodness of Fit

match between child's temperament and the environment in which they grow

Synchrony

coordinated interaction between caregiver and infant that starts the process of attachment

Still face technique

after a normal interaction, mother on cue cuts to an unexpressive face and the child does not like this

Ethological theory of attachment

Bowlby, promotes survival

Internal Working Model

set of expectations formed early in life about availability of attachment, quality of care giving is key

A-Insecure Avoidant

explores toys, does not cry wen caregiver leaves, ignores caregiver upon reunion (10-20%)

B- Secure

explores toys, may cry upon caregiver leaving, happy to see caregiver return (50-70%)

C- Insecure-Resistant

Little or no exploration of toys, cries when caregiver leaves, remains upset upon caregiver's return (10-20%)

D- Disorganized

Bizarre, inconsistent behavior toward caregiver, babies may be abused or neglected (5-10%)

Factors affecting attachment

Opportunity for attachment, quality of caregiving, infant characteristics, parents' internal working model

Adult attachment interview

taps current state of mind regarding early attachment relationships

Secure to secure

memory matches with word, objective evaluation of childhood experiences, clear memories

Anxious-Resistant to Preoccupied

conflicted and confused discourse, passivity or involved anger

anxious-avoidant to dismissing

lack of memories and stereotyped descriptions

Sensitivity hypothesis

important role in attachment patterns is formed by mothers reaction to attitude

The Just Right Phenomenon

child's insistence that a particular experience occur in exact sequence and manner, declines after age 3

Brain Development

social understanding develops as prefrontal cortex matures and emotional control improves

Myelination

Quicker more coordinated thought, fatty coating on axons speeds up transmission of nerve impulses

Corpus callosum

myelinates rapidly from 2-6 years leading to more efficient communication between hemispheres

Lateralization

specialization of certain functions by each side of the brain with one side dominant

Limbic system

crucial for the expression and regulation of emotions

Dimensional Change Card Sort Task

Play the shape game then play the card game, something in the brain must mature before children are able to switch from one way of sorting to another, maturation of the prefrontal cortex

Fine motor skills

self help, harder to master, boys are 6 months behind girls

Injury control/harm reduction

practices aimed at preventing dangerous activities that reflect the belief that accidents are not random

Primary

actions that change overall background conditions preventing injury, disease, abuse

Secondary

avert harm in high risk situations, stopping car before it hits a pedestrian

Tertiary

begins after injury has occurred, limiting damage

Child maltreatment

intentional harm or avoidable danger of anyone under 18

Piaget's Pre-operational stage

Age 2-7, children aren't logical, gains in symbolic thought

Symbolic thought

words and objects stand for something they can't see

make believe play

detaches from real life conditions using real life objects and elaborate scripts, helps social competency

Centration

tendency to focus on one aspect of situation to the exclusion of others

Egocentrism

inability to consider another person's point of view, not selfishness

Piaget's Three Mountain Problem

example of egocentrism, can't take perspective of doll on other side of the mountain

Focus on appearance

Young children focus only on what is apparent and ignore other relevant attributes

Static reasoning

Assume the world is unchanging

Irreversibility

inability to mentally reverse series of steps

Conservation

Physical traits of objects remain the same despite changes in appearance, children can't logically think about this until age 7

Piaget's Limitations

Underestimated ability of young children

Vygotsky's sociocultural perspective

viewed cognition as directed by more knowledgeable members of society

Scaffolding

temporary support tailored to learners needs and abilities

Private Speech

internal dialogue that helps develop mew ideas and solve problems

Theory-Theory

the idea that children try to explain everything they see by constructing theories

Theory of mind

a person's theory of what other people might be thinking, doesn't develop before age 4

Evans, Xu, and Lee

left 3-5 year olds alone at a table with cup covering candy, older children are better liars and had more advanced theory of mind, younger children more likely to tell the truth

Sensitive period of language

a time when language learning happens most easily

500 words

known at age 2

Fast mapping

speedy and imprecise way in which children learn new words by mentally charting them into categories

Overregularization

applying grammar rules even when exceptions occur

Extensive grammatical knowledge

Known by age 3

Balanced Bilingual

a person who is fluent in two languages not favoring one over the other

Initiative vs Guilt

Erikson's 3rd stage, characterized by a new sense of purposefulness as the child takes on new tasks

Effortful control

ability to regulate one's emotions and actions through effort, not just natural inclination

Emotional regulation

ability to control when and how emotions are expressed, develops as a result of brain maturation and experience around 3-4 years old

INtrinsic motivation

comes from within the individual, is the joy of personal accomplishment

Associative Play

interact and share, but not yet mutual or reciprocal

Rough and tumble play

mimics aggression with not intent to harm

Sociodramatic play

pretend play in which children act out self created roles and themes, regulates emotions

Authoritative

firm but fair, children are successful and happy

Authoritarian

Strict, high expectations, not happy children but obedient and quiet, rebel and leave home at a young age

Permissive

high levels of warmth, little expectations, children lack self control, least happy

Neglectful/uninvolved

checked out parents

Lansford Et Al

Physical punishment predicted more antisocial behavior in whites, predicted less antisocial behavior in blacks, cultural context is key

Gender typing

process of developing gender roles or gender linked preferences and behaviors valued by society

Channeling

differential encouragement of toys affecting gender typing

Gender identity

image of oneself as masculine or feminine

Androgyny

high on both masculine and feminine personality traits

Social Learning

behavior leads to gender identity, done through reinforcement

Cognitive development

self perceptions guide behavior

Gender constancy

cognitive understanding sex is biologically based and permanent

Gender schema

combines social learning and cognitive development theory

Causes of obesity

overweight parents, low SES, poor eating habits, low physical activity, fast food, TV

Consequences of obesity

more likely to be obese adults, cognitive development suffers

Reaction time

increasing myelination reduced reaction time

Selective attention

ability to concentrate on some stimuli while ignoring others, improves around age 7

Automatization

some skills become routine

Aptitude tests

measures one's potential

IQ Test

designed to measure intellectual aptitude or ability to learn in school

Flynn Effect

over the last 100 years IQ's of entire nations have increased dramatically