STS

science

Organized body of knowledge.

“scientia”

latin word means knowledge

science

Any systematic knowledge or practice.

technology

Explores for the purpose of doing

technology

the application of knowledge.

technology

It’s from 2 Greek words “techne”, meaning ‘skills, art, craftsmanship’ and “logos”, meaning ‘discourse and reason’

techne

a greek word that means ‘skills, art, craftsmanship

logos

a greek word that means ‘discourse and reason’

Society

is a community of people who live together and interact according to shared rules, values, and traditions.

Scientific method

is an approach to seeking knowledge that involves forming and testing a hypothesis.

observation

Identify or observe a phenomenon, event, or problem in the natural world.

QUESTION

Formulate a clear and specific question based on the observation.

HYPOTHESIS

Develop a tentative, testable explanation or prediction for the question.

EXPERIMENT

Conduct a controlled investigation to test the hypothesis and gather evidence

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS.

Record, organize, and analyze the results to determine whether the evidence support the hypothesis

CONCLUSION

Draw conclusions based on the analyzed data, accepting, rejecting, or revising the hypothesis.

COMMUNICATION

Share the findings with others through reports, presentations, or publications so they can be reviewed, replicated, and applied

WHEEL

was invented around 3500 BC in ancient Mesopotamia.

COMPASS

The Chinese invented the first navigation tool between the 9th and 11th century

Johannes Gutenberg

who invented the printing press around 1440

Alexander Graham Bell

invented the telephone in 1876

Nikolaus Otto

The internal combustion engine was developed in the 19th century, with major contributions from?

Alexander Fleming

discovered penicillin in 1928

internet

is a global network that connects computers worldwide. It began with ARPANET (advanced research projects agency network) in 1969.

Threats to human survival.

The invention of nuclear weapons in 1945

Ethical dilemmas

The misuse of advanced scientific knowledge and technology can harm people instead of benefiting them, creating ethical concerns about privacy, safety, inequality, accountability and the responsible use of innovation.

Disparities in Human wellbeing.

Science and technology can improve lives, but unequal access to their benefits may widen the gap between the rich and the poor, leading to social and economic inequality.

Social and cultural conflicts.

Science and technology can sometimes conflict with people’s beliefs, traditions, and values leading to disagreements, ethical issues, and social tensions

Innovating technologies

It can have negative consequences

Prehistoric period

s the earliest stage of human history, before the invention of writing.

Prehistoric period

our understanding of this period comes from archaeological discoveries such as tools, fossils, cave paintings, and other artifacts.

PRE-HISTORIC PERIOD

humans learned to survive by hunting, gathering, making tools, and gradually developing agriculture and permanent settlements.

STONE AGE

is the earliest and longest period in human history

PALEOLITHIC AGE (OLD STONE AGE)

Early humans lived as nomadic, moving from one place to another in search of food and water.

PALEOLITHIC AGE (OLD STONE AGE)

Also, learned to control fire for cooking, warmth, and protection. During this period, cave paintings and early forms of communication also emerged.

MESOLITHIC (MIDDLE STONE AGE)

transitional period

MESOLITHIC (MIDDLE STONE AGE)

humans used smaller and sharper stone tools, continued hunting, fishing, and gathering

NEOLITHIC (NEW STONE AGE)

Marks one of the most important turning points in human history.

NEOLITHIC (NEW STONE AGE)

This allowed communities to settle permanently in one place, leading to the establishment of villages

NEOLITHIC (NEW STONE AGE)

Instead of relying solely on hunting and gathering, people began practicing agriculture and domesticating animals

BRONZE AGE

During this period, humans learned to make bronze by combining copper and tin, creating stronger tools and weapons.

BRONZE AGE

Agriculture, trade, and writing, and cities expanded, leading to the rise of early civilizations such as those in Mesopotamia and Egypt

IRON AGE

During this period, human learned to produce and use iron to make stronger, more durable tools and weapons than bronze.

ANCIENT TIMES CIVILIZATIONS

The emergence of ancient civilizations marks one of the most significant turning points in human history.

MESOPOTAMIAN CIVILIZATION(Tigris-Euphrates)

Known as the "Cradle of Civilization”, center of everything.

MESOPOTAMIAN CIVILIZATION(Tigris-Euphrates)

(Present-day Location: Iraq and parts of Syria, Turkey, and Kuwait).

Mesopotamia

comes from the Greek word mesos (middle) and potamos (river), meaning land between rivers, referring to the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, where one of the world’s earliest civilizations developed.

SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION

The world’s earliest known civilization

Cuneiform

is the first writing system.

Sumerian Clay Tablet

it contains the Sumerian historical information and culture. It began as record keeping for trade and evolved.

The concept of the wheel.

This was a heavy flat disk made of hardened clay.

Sailboat

Water transportation for travel and trade.

SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION

The first astronomers, mapping the movement of stars, planets and moon into sets of constellations.

SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION

Also recognized for building the foundations of logic, mathematics, engineering, architecture, agriculture, transportation and medicine.

SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION

Sexagesimal system of counting in units of 60 which served as the basis of 360 degree circle and the 60 minutes hour.

SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION

Developed systematized technique of farming

BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION

The code consists of 282 laws covering various aspects of daily life, including family relationships, property rights, trade, labor, crime, and justice.

Babaylon

is the capital, served as commercial and religious center in the Tigris-Euphrates valley.

Hammurabi (1792-1750 B.C)

the first leader of the old Babylonian Empire.

Code of Hammurabi

that served as rule and standards of law, making justice more organized and predictable. It is known as for the principle of “an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth”

Nebuchadnezzar II

Babylonian Emperor who ordered the construction of the famous “hanging Gardens of Babylon” (one of the Seven Wonders of the World) and the Ishtar Gate.

EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION (Nile River)

(Present-day Location: Egypt, Northeastern Africa).

EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION (Nile River)

They were animal hunters, and were nomadic. Later changed their lifestyle to be farmland settlers.

hieroglyphics.

Their writing was in the form of pictorial symbols known as

EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION

Their famous on the knowledge of human anatomy, physiology, surgery and medical plants enabled them to master the art and science of embalming their dead.

IMHOTER

Created the calendar based on the phases of the moon. The first 365-day calendar was devised by

INDIAN CIVILIZATION (Indus River)

(Present-day Location: India and Pakistan)

Indian civilization

made remarkable contributions to mathematics, medicine, astronomy, metallurgy, and engineering, many of which continue to influence the modern world.

Rakesh Sharma

the first Indian to travel to outer space on April 3, 1984, aboard the Soviet spacecraft Soyuz T-11

Aryabhata

the first to scientifically explain the occurrence of solar and lunar eclipses.

solar eclipse

occurs when the Moon passes between the Earth and the Sun, temporarily blocking the Sun’s light.

lunar eclipse

occurs when the Earth passes between the Sun and the Moon, causing the Earth’s shadow to fall on the Moon.

CHINESE CIVILIZATION(Huang Ho & Yangtze River)

is one of the oldest civilizations and the world’s most populous country

Paper and Chinese calligraphy

began writing about 1500 BC

abacus

was also invented by China, it is calculator to which help people to compute math problems quickly

WHEEL

potter’s Wheel”—a heavy flat disk made of hardened clay which was spun horizontally on an axis.

WHEEL

It is believed that Sumerians invented the potter’s wheel shortly after 3500 BC.

PAPER

“Papyrus” roughly around 3000 BC, the ancient Egyptians begun writing on papyrus, a material similar to thick paper.

SHADOOF

“an early tool invented and used by ancient Egyptians to irrigate land

ANTIKYTHERA MECHANISM

It is believed that it was used to predict astronomical positions and eclipses for calendar and astrological purposes.

ANTIKYTHERA MECHANISM

Discovered in 1902 and retrieved from the waters of Antikythera, Greece.

AEOPILE

Also known as Hero’s engine, the aeolipile is widely believed to be the ancient precursor of the steam engine.

AEOPILE

It is a steam-powered turbine which spun when the water container at its center was heated, thus making it practically the first rudimentary steam engine.

HEAVY PLOUGH

Clay soil, despite being more fertile than lighter types of soil, was not cultivated because of its heavy weight. However, through the invention of the heavy plough, it became possible to harness clay soil

GUNPOWDER

Chinese alchemist accidentally invented black powder

Elixir of life

is a legendary potion believed to grant eternal life, youth, or immortality

PAPER MONEY

Currency made from paper, first introduced in China, used as a convenient alternative to carrying metal coins.

MECHANICAL CLOCK

it improved timekeeping, organized daily life, and supported scientific and technological progress during the Middle Ages.

SPINNING WHEEL

A machine used to spin fibers like cotton or wool into thread, making cloth production faster and more efficient.

Zacharias Janssen

is credited for the invention of the first compound microscope in 1590.

Galileo Galilei

Telescope was invented by?

Joseph Marie Jacquard

The Jacquard loom was built by French weaver, the Jacquard loom simplifies textile manufacturing.

Orville Wright and Wilbur Wright

ENGINE-POWERED AIRPLANE

engineer John Logie Baird

TELEVISION

Abelardo Aguilar

Erythromycin

Fe del Mundo

MEDICAL INCUBATOR

Rolando Dela Cruz

MORE REMOVER

Maria Orosa

BANANA KETCHUP

heliocentric model

Sun is at the center of the solar system

heliocentric mode

Nicolaus Copernicus