Human Movements

frontal (coronal)

divides the body into a front and back

frontal types of movements

• side to side

• up and down

• ex: shuffling side to side, cartwheel, and a volleyball block (jumping)

sagittal

divides the body into left and right halves

sagittal types of movements

• forward

• backward

• ex: walking, and running

transverse

divides the body into a top and bottom

transverse types of movements

• rotation

• top to bottom

• example: figure skater spinning

_{what are axes of rotations?}

pependicular (90 degrees) to the plane

what is the axis of rotation and movement for the plane of motion sagittal?

axis of rotation = frontal

movement = forward / backward

(movement always follows plane of motion)

what is the axis of rotation and movement for the plane of motion frontal?

axis of rotation = sagittal

movement = side to side

(movement always follows plane of motion)

what is the axis of rotation and movement for the plane of motion transverse?

axis of rotation = longitudinal

movement = top / bottom rotation

(movement always follows plane of motion)

Types of rotations

• uniaxial

• biaxial

• triaxial

uniaxial

movements that are restricted along the plane

• elbow (up-down)

• knee (bend-straight)

biaxial

movements that occur along two planes

• wrist (side-side, and up-down)

• knuckles (bend, and spread finger

triaxial

movement occurs a long three planes with one movement of rotation

• shoulder (lift, swing, twist)

• hip (kick forward-backward, side-side, twists)

flexion

decreases a joint angle and extension (bends/closes)

extension

increases a joint angle (extends/opens)

abduction (frontal)

moves a body part away from midline

• arms raising straight out

• jumping jack (sticking leg out)

adduction (frontal)

moves the body part towards the midline

• bringing legs together

• putting finger close together

horizontal flexion (transverse)

occurs when arms move along the transverse plane the towards midline of the body

• swinging a bat (brings front arm closer to chest)

• hugging someone (when arm wraps it gets closer to midline)

horizontal extension

when arms move along transverse plane towards side of the body

• opening arms wide

• rowing a boat (pulling to side)

rotation

spinning in one axis

• head (looking side to side)

• shoulder (twisting a jar = twisting shoulder)

• hips (90/90 hip stretch)

supination

lateral (away from midline) rotation of the radioulnar joint

• palm face anteriorly (palm up)

• bringing spoon to mouth (turns palm upwards)

pronation

medial rotation of radioulnar joint

• palm faces posteriorly (palm down)

circumduction

combination of abduction / abduction in succesion where body moves in a circle

• wrist (rolls in a circle)

• hips (rolls in circle)

elevation

generates upward movement

• raising shoulders up

• jaw closing (mandible goes up)

depression

generates downard movement

• lowering shoulders down'

• opening mouth (mandible goes down)

protraction

moves body parts forward

• reaching forward

• punching a target

• slouching

retraction

moves body parts backward along transverse line

• pulling shoulders back

• pulling head back to have better posture

dorsiflexion (sagittal)

occurs when toes are lifted

• walking (lifting toes)

• stretching (putting toes up to stretch calves)

plantarflexion (sagittal)

toes are pointed downwards

• walking (pushing off)

• jumping (pushing off)

• driving (pushing down on gas pedal)

eversion (frontal)

moves sole of foot so it faces outward

• rolling ankle outward

• side lunge, dragging leg

inversion

moves sole of foot inward

• rolling ankle inward

• sitting criss cross

opposition

moves thumb across palm to touch fingertips

• grabbing an object

• holding a pen

reposition

moves thumb away from fingertips

• letting go of an object

• straightening all fingers

frontal joint movements

• Abduction: Moving a limb or part away from the middle of the body.

• Adduction: Moving a limb or part toward the middle of the body.

• Elevation and Depression: Raising or lowering the shoulder blades.

• Inversion and Eversion: Turning the sole of the foot inward or outward

sagittal joint movements

• flexion / extension: bending and extending a joint

• Dorsiflexion / Plantarflexion: putting toes up and down

transverse joint movements

• Rotation: Twisting the torso, neck, or a limb around its vertical axis (such as turning your head or spinning your spine).

• Inversion and Eversion Rotation: Twisting a joint inward toward the body's midline or outward away from it.

• Horizontal Adduction and Abduction: Moving an arm or leg inward toward the chest or outward away from the body while it is raised parallel to the ground.

• Pronation and Supination: Rotating the forearm or ankle to turn the palm or sole down or up.