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Jim Crow Laws
State statutes that enforced racial segregation of public places and services
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
Supreme Court ruling that segregation was legal if facilities were "separate but equal"
Poll Tax
A fee required to vote, used to disenfranchise African Americans
Literacy Tests
Tests of reading, writing, and constitutional knowledge used to block Black voters
Grandfather Clause
Protected white voting rights by exempting those whose ancestors had voted before the Civil War
Lynching
Mob violence used to terrorize and murder African Americans
Ida B. Wells
Investigative journalist who exposed lynching and co-founded the NAACP
W.E.B. Du Bois
Co-founder of the NAACP and organizer of the Niagara Movement; believed in full civil rights
William Monroe Trotter
Co-organizer of the Niagara Movement; published the Boston Guardian
Niagara Movement
Movement led by Du Bois and Trotter demanding full civil rights, equal education, and voting rights
NAACP (1909)
Organization founded to abolish segregation and combat racism and discrimination
Booker T. Washington
Leader of Tuskegee Institution who advocated vocational education and economic progress first
The Crisis
Newspaper published by W.E.B. Du Bois
Boston Guardian
Newspaper published by William Monroe Trotter
Muller v. Oregon (1908)
Upheld restrictions on women's working hours, reinforcing gender role stereotypes
Frances Willard
Advocated for women's access to higher education and professional jobs
Margaret Sanger
Fought to legalize birth control for women
Seneca Falls Convention (1848)
First women's rights convention in the US
The Revolution
Pro-suffrage newspaper edited by Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton
NAWSA
National American Women Suffrage Association; fought for a constitutional amendment for women's suffrage
Alice Paul & Lucy Burns
Leaders of the new generation of suffragists; founded the National Women's Party
Suffragist Tactics
Petitioned, picketed the White House, burned speeches, and went on hunger strikes
19th Amendment (1920)
Granted women the right to vote
Equal Rights Amendment (1923)
Proposed by Alice Paul to guarantee equal legal rights regardless of sex; passed Senate in 1972