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Empire
The political structure of the Maya civilization was distinct from centralized empires like the Aztec or Inca. Instead, it functioned as a network of city-states with shared cultural and religious elements, but with each city-state maintaining political independence, the Maya generally did not form a single, unified "empire.". No single city ever ruled the entire Maya region.
Time periods of the Maya Empire
Periods of Political Organization
1. Preclassic Period (c. 2000 BCE–250 CE)
2. Classic Period (c. 250–900 CE)
3. Postclassic Period (c. 900–1500 CE)
4. Spanish Conquest (16th century)
Super states
The concept of superstates in Maya political history arises when examining periods of regional dominance during the Classic Period (c. 250–900 CE). While the Maya civilization lacked a single centralized empire, some city-states gained significant power and influence, creating what scholars call superstates—political entities with substantial regional control and influence over surrounding polities. These superstates were not unified empires but more like hegemonies or alliances dominated by a single city-state.
Significant Maya Super states
1. Tikal (Mutal)
2. Calakmul (Kaan Kingdom, Snake Kingdom)
3. Caracol
4. Dos Pilas
5. Chichén Itzá
Regional states
This regional city-state model highlights the Maya's sophisticated and decentralized approach to governance, where power and influence were fluid and depended on a combination of military, economic, and ideological factors.
city states
The Maya city-state model highlights the sophisticated, yet decentralized nature of Maya governance, where cultural and ideological unity coexisted with political competition and diversity. This structure allowed the Maya civilization to flourish for centuries across a vast and challenging landscape.
