Kanishk Lalith/Ch:2 Cytology

what does cytology mean?

study of cells

what is cell theory

cell is smallest unit of life

3 scientist who made cell thoery

Matthias Schleidon. Theodore Schwann, Rudolf Virchow

how are cells limited in size

theyll only grow so big

pro-

before

karyo-

nucleus

fimbriae

attatchment structures on surface

nuceloid?

region where DNA is located ()no membrane

oid-?

resembles

eu-

true

how big are animal vs prokary

100X the size

what is cell membrane

porvides a membrane boundary for cell

what does cell membrane act as

semi permeable mebrane

semi permeable?

be able to be penetrated

phospholipid bi layer?

hydro loving heads and hydro hating tails

philia?

like or love

phobic?

afraid

microvilli?

tiny hairs increase surface area

what is cytoplasm made of

compostion and cytoskeleton

what happens when to much waste in cell

becomes toxic

what do all living things need to be surrounded by

fluid

purpose of phospholipid bi layer

seperate 2 fluid comparments

what are embedded proteins

proteins embeded within phospholipid, glycoproteins

what are ion channels

open and close to let stuff in and out for specific things

what are transporter(carriers) proteins

carry specific sugars and amino acids, may require energy

what are enzymes

catalyze specific reactions

what are receptor sites

specific for certain hormones and drugs

what are recognition sites

allow white blood cell to recognize body cell from foreign cell

what are side effects

stuff that can happen because of something

what are 2 immunosuppressant drugs

corticosteroids and predrisone

what is thalidomide

morning sickness prevention drug

side effect of thaliiomide

babies mutated extremities

nucelus?

controls cell has chromosones, pores

nucleolus

stores RNA

chromatin?

uncoiled DNA

chromosomes

coiled DNA

Endoplasmic reticulum?

tubular canals connected nuclear membrane with cell membrane and functions like a little circulatory system within cell for transport for molecules

function of ER

like a little circulatory system within cell for transport for molecules

function of smooth ER

contains enzyme systems involved in lipid and steroid metabolism

what is on rough ER

ribosomes

ribosomes?

composed mostly of RNA, synthesized in the nucleolus of cell, where proteins arere synthesized

what is golgi complex?

stack of mebranous saccules

golgi complex function?

stores, modifies, and packages chemical susbtances formed in ER

vacuoles?

storage containers

vessicles?

storage containers

lysosomes?

suicide bags, formed from saccules and contain digestive enzymes

what do lysosomes contain

digestive enzymes

where are lysosomes made

sacculles of golgi complex

autolysis?

programmed cell death

what are mitochondria

power house of the cell

what is cellular respiration

generation of ATP

centrioles?

involved in cell division, ring of 9 sets of 3 protein cylinders that can contract

where to find centrioles

in cytoplasm near nucleur envelope

2 organeles for motion

flagella and cilia

flagella?

whip like tail

cilia

fine motile hairs

2 common places cilia found

in airway of lungs and in fallopian tubes

interphase?

period when the cell is formed until the cell starts too divide

g1?

period of cell growth, active protein synhtesisi and formation of cytoplasmic organeities

s phase?

the chromosmes replicate

g2 ?

period of cell growth, formation of mitotic structures

4 steps in mitotic phase

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

prophase?

cell prepares to divide

metaphase

chromsomes line up in middle of cell

anpahase

chromosmes move apart to opposite ends of cell

telophase

cytokinesis cell constricts into 2 cells

cytokinesis?

cell constricts into 2 cells

How often do skin, blood, and cells lining the alimentary canal divide

continously through life

ailmentary canal?

passage where food passes through the body

how often do liver and kidney cells divide

divide as needed

how often do muscle and nerve cells divide

they dont they lost their mitotic abillity

amitotic

do not divide

2 types of abornaml cell division

hyperplasiaa and neoplasm

hyperplasia?

increase in number of cells

neoplasiam

creates tumors

what are malignant tumors known as

cancer

end resullt of meiosis

haploid sex cells sperm and ova

where does meiosis occur

occurs in reproductive organs

karyokinesis

division of a cell nucleus during mitosis.

soma?

the parts of an organism other than the reproductive cells.

karyotype

chromosme chart