HEAL 2045 Exam 3

Essential

your body cannot make it

Complete

food that contains all 9 essential AAs

Incomplete

missing 1 or more Es. AAs

Nonessential

the body can make it from another substrate

Catabolism

breaking down

Anabolism

building up body composition

Calories needs per trimester of pregnancy

0 extra 1st trimester, +340 2nd trimester, +452 3rd trimester

Neural tube defect prevention

Folate- fortification of foods is better

Herbal supplements during pregnancy

We do not know enough about whether or not it is safe.

Excessive GWG risks

Puts one at a higher likelihood of having a C-section.

Prenatal supplements for pregnant women

Thumbs-up- Yes they are a good thing because they have a lot of iron and iron needs increase during pregnancy.

Risk of high mercury ingestion during pregnancy

8-12 oz of fish a week, watch out for the levels of mercury- shark and swordfish all contain high levels of mercury.

Guidelines for alcohol during pregnancy

none

Guidelines for caffeine during pregnancy

under 300 mg a day

Guidelines for non-nutritive sweeteners during pregnancy

generally recognized as safe

Guidelines for seafood during pregnancy

very healthy, we like omega-3 for babies brain development- watch for mercury levels

PICA

Craving inedible things- non nutritive substances, Ex: Clay, Sign of iron deficiency

Vitamin for vegan mothers

B12 vitamins

Breastfeeding guidelines for infants

0-6 months- just breast milk, never give babies water, 6-12 months- continue breastfeeding, introduce complementary foods

Fluid intake for breastfeeding

Everytime you sit down to breastfeed drink a cup of water, and everytime you sit down to eat have a glass of water

Benefits of breastfeeding

Helps mom return to pre-pregnancy weight, helps with postpartum depression, helps keep babies well- breastfeed infants got sick less than formula fed infants

High cow's milk intake deficiency

Iron deficiency- too much cow's milk, known as milk anemia

Why should you never give a baby a bottle when in bed?

Milk sits on their teeth and they can get baby bottle tooth decay

Concern of formula fed infants

Babies that are exclusively formula fed are at the risk of being overfed

Vitamin for breastfeeding infants

Vitamin D

Kcal needs are at their highest for adolescents when?

Right as children hit puberty

Age solids introduced

6 months

Acceptable juice intakes for kids

They do not need it, acceptable intake 4 oz a day for children

Ideal first foods for a 6 month old

Fortified cereals, pureed meats

Whole milk starts at what age?

1 year old

Low-fat/skim milk can be introduced at what age?

2 years old

Choking hazards for young children

Hot dogs, grapes

Serving sizes for children 1-4 years of age

1 Tbsp by age

Healthy snack options for children and teens

Peanut butter on whole grain crackers

Family meal-time research

One of the most important practices to have, a lot of links into less obesity, less suicide, less eating disorders, less depression

Introducing new foods

3 days after a new food was introduced you can introduce another food, in case of allergies, you can tell the doctor what caused the child hives or an allergic reaction

Common nutrient deficiencies in adolescents (teenage girls)

Iron and calcium

Obese adolescents chronic health conditions

Type 2 diabetes, high cholesterol

Adolescents and weight management

We never tell young people to go on a diet, smooth out the growth curve- more fruits and veggies, more exercise

Ellen Satter Methods of feeding

To avoid overfeeding-infants and children should be allowed to self regulate the amount of food consumed, do not force feed

Division of responsibility in feeding

Parents decide where, what time, and what foods are serviced, child decides what on the plate they want to eat and if they don't want to eat they don't have to

Vitamin important for bone health

Vitamin D

B12 absorption in older adults

Fortified cereals for B12- older adults can absorb it better

Vitamin D deficiency risk for older adults

Kidney and liver functions not functioning as they used to, skin synthesis is not the same as when you were young

Mineral shortfall for older adults

Potassium

Restrictive diets for older adults

We do not like restrictive diets for older adults, speak up if they are not eating enough food a day

Protein needs in older adults

Protein needs are higher than adolescents, 1-1.2 g/kg

Physical activity recommendations for older adults

Stretching and balancing exercises, keeping them mobile

Best chance at improvement for osteoarthritis

Weight loss

High protein intake for older adults

When patient with wounds, undergoing dialysis- protein needs are way higher

MST- malnutrition screening tool

Have you lost weight without trying?- very common question, if patient says they have lost interest in eating- RED FLAG

MIND diet

Really helps to prevent alzheimer's disease, cognition improvement, high in vegetables

Dietary restrictions in older patients

If it can really help the patient, really major improvement would occur, otherwise they should not be put on a diet

Helping older loved ones eat better

Family meals, more visiting and sitting at the table, independent eating, let them choose what they want to eat

Sign of malnutrition in older adults

Really just give up and they are not interested in eating

Exercise guidelines for children and older adults

150-300 minutes per week of exercise covers the guidelines for children- older adults

Eating with friends and relatives

Efforts should be made to eat with friends and relatives whenever possible- for everyone in every group

Nutrient importance for teenage girls

Iron and calcium are of particular importance for teenage girls

Constipation

Increase fiber through fruits, vegetables, whole grains, drink water.

Heartburn

Limit acidic, high-fat, spicy foods; smaller meals.

Nausea

Drink water with lemon; eat saltine crackers.

Caloric Needs - 1st Trimester

No extra calories required during this period.

Caloric Needs - 2nd Trimester

Increase intake by 340 calories daily.

Caloric Needs - 3rd Trimester

Increase intake by 452 calories daily.

Breastfeeding Caloric Needs- First 6 months

330 calories per day

Breastfeeding Caloric Needs- Second 6 months

400 calories per day

Seafood Intake During Pregnancy

Limit due to mercury; focus on omega-3s.

Iron Requirement During Pregnancy

Increase from 18 to 27 mg/day.

Iodine in Prenatal Supplements

Not all supplements contain sufficient iodine.

Calcium Requirement During Pregnancy

1000 mg daily from fortified sources.

Vitamin D Sources

Obtained from fortified milk and sunlight.

PICA

Compulsive eating of inedible objects, often iron deficiency.

Breastfeeding Benefits

- Social support enhances breastfeeding success

- Baby is not at risk for health concerns

- Decreases postpartum depression

- Breast milk is biodegradable because it is enough nutrients to support life but does not risk overfeeding

Contraindications to Breastfeeding

Includes HIV, cancer, and illicit drug use.

Gestational Weight Gain Risks

Includes type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.

Adolescent Caloric Needs

Adolescents require more calories than adults.

Solid Food Introduction

Recommended around 6 months of age.

Juice Intake for Children

Limit to 4-6 oz of 100% fruit juice.

First Food for Infants

Pureed meat and fortified cereal.

Vitamin D for Breastfed Babies

Supplement needed to prevent deficiency.

Choking Hazards for Infants

Includes grapes and hot dogs.

Serving Sizes for Ages 1-4

1 Tbsp per age for each type of food.

Food Introduction Timing

Wait 3-5 days before introducing new foods.

Bottle Feeding Risks

Avoid putting baby to bed with a bottle- Due to baby bottle tooth decay

Vitamin D for Older Adults

Helps prevent fractures and supports bone health.

Protein Needs for Older Adults

1.0-1.2g/kg for healthy; 1.2-1.5g/kg for burn or sick patients.

Malnutrition Screening Tool

Identifies unintentional weight loss in elderly.

MIND Diet

Combines Mediterranean diet benefits for brain health.

Exercise for Elderly

Balance and stretching are beneficial types.

Breastfeeding calories for the 1st 6 months

An extra 330 calories a day

Breastfeeding calories for the 2nd 6 months

400 calories