CH 2.3 Neuroanatomy 2 (revise)

evolutionary basis for contralateral control

some traits are not important but they came with something else

Avoidance reflex

the crossing explains spinal reflexes for heling us escape dangerous situaitons but doesnt explain brain pathways

image correction and bionocularity

doesn’t apply to animals with eyes on either side of the head, but contralateral control happens to all naimals

Bilarality

symmetry, doesn’t have a sepcific answer

proposed theory

crossing is to help us survive, reduces risk because if both sides ahd complete control, injury would be fatal

you dont need to focus on prioir

Cerebellum

a part of the brain that contains lots of neurons. responsible for motor control, many movements, and coordinated movements, our balance, our posture, as well as how we learn and remember motor skills (like muscle memory)

layers of cerebellum (keep in mind)

molecular layer: outer, integrates inputs

purkinje layer:

granule cell later innermost input, relay

Thalamus

related to sorting and relaying sensory and motor info, but also processes that information

senory replay: signals to cortex and recieves command on what signals to pass on

motor relay: gets info from cerefellum and basal and -

Hypothalamus

maintains homeostasis of body : hunger, thirst, sleep ,sex

Pituatary

resposible for hormones and vision

posterior: stores relases hypothalamic made hormones

anterior pitutary:

makes its own hormones

Limbic System

key: about emotions, learning, and memory (mixed concensus)

hipocampus:

involved with forming memory and spatial navagation

fornix:
connects hippocampus and hypothalamus, etc

mammillary bodies:
balls that process memory, very sensitive to diet deficets lack of vitamin b1 lead to certian ammnesia

Anygala:

processing emotions, negative emotions especially, memory, odor perception

Septal nuclei:

Cingulate gyrus: emotional regulation

Offactory bulb

Hypothalamus

Stria terminalis

Basal ganglia

nuclei (gray matter in CNS) mostly motor control has a different structure form the cortex (not 6 layers) and us seperaed from rest:
also related to reward

striatum…

Cerebrum

the brain hemispheres deals with integration info, and higher order processing

corpus callosum connects both the hemispheres

Cerebral Contrex:

crinkles of the brain

sulcus and gyrus: kets nore of cortex fit into the skull, grouping together into lobes

4 lobes of the cortex

frontal - movment and exectutive function

parietal - spatial cognition

occipital - visual processing

temporal - adutiaroy procesing, sense of smeel, aspecits of learning

you can use hand to remember

Precentral gyrus

pre infront of the cerntral sullcus in the frontal lobe (so motor control related)

post gentral gyrus

post in hte pariteal love, sensation of touch, posterior to central sulcus (back)

Occipital lobe

processes vision in the back is primary visial cortex that is aware of visual stimulus

visual assoc. cortex

processes, understands, recognizes, and remembers visual stimulis

Parietal Lobe

processing touch (somatosensory processing) what we feel with our body

somatosensory cortex represent skin areas on the contralateral surface of the body

primary somoatosensroy cortex

somatosensroy assoc cortex

frontal lobe

movemnt exceutive function and part of language

broca does affect comprhension if damaged but how it comes out

Temporal lob

hearing

language: understanding it (ex. if damages saying words with no meaning, and not understanding)

smell

memory

primary auditory cortex

auditory assoc cortex

wernickles

primiary offactory

Insula

insdie the fontal lobe an dtemportal, insula is where gustary cortex is and involves motivation and addiction

tissue organised as same as inn the cortex

look at summary next class 2.4