AP World (1750-1900)

Deism (The Enlightenment)

-High power exists but doesn't intervene in human affairs

Leviathan (The Enlightenment)

-Made by Thomas Hobbes

-Presents the idea that a strong central government is necessary to maintain order and prevent chaos, also humans are driven by self interest and competition

Hobbes Social contract and ideal government (The Enlightenment)

-Life was supposed to be harsh and short

-By agreeing to the social contract, they give up some rights in return for law and stability

Two Treatises of Government (The Enlightenment)

-Made by Jhon Locke

-Refuses absolute monarchs

-People elect the government

-Government protects natural right like life, liberty, and property

Locke's social contract and ideal government (The Enlightenment)

-Refute absolute monarchs

-Right to revolt against unfair government

-Natural rights like life, liberty, and property

Jean-Jacques Rousseau social contract (The Enlightenment)

-General Will (collective will of the people should guide decisions for the common good)

-Popular Sovereignty (people have authority)

A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (The Enlightenment)

-Created by Mary Wollstonecraft

-Argued females should receive same education as males

-Argued being educated would prepare woman to be independent from men

Feminism (The Enlightenment)

-Emergence of the movement for women's rights and equality based on enlightenment ideas

Suffrage (The Enlightenment)

-Right to vote

Seneca Falls Conference (The Enlightenment)

-advocated for womans right to vote, right to hold properly, and manage their own income

-helped establish men and women are equal

Womans suffrage movement (The Enlightenment)

-Seneca falls convention

-Protests

-Women gained right to vote in 1928

-Woman later gained right to own property

-Enlightenment influence

Abolition of Slavery (The Enlightenment)

-Slave trade banned

-Slavery abolished

-Revolts across the world

-Enlightenment influence

End of Serfdom in Russia (The Enlightenment)

-Serfdom decreases as we went from Agricultural to industrial

-Peasant's revolt

-Queen Elizabeth abolished Serfdom in 1574 and in Russia it ended in 1861

-enlightenment ideas

Nationalism (The Enlightenment)

-A feeling of intense loyalty to others who share one's language and culture and desired self rule

Role of Nationalism in Germany and Italy (The Enlightenment)

-In Germany, it fostered a sense of national identity and unity among various states, ultimately leading to the creation of a unified German Empire under Prussian leadership

-Italy, nationalism spurred the Risorgimento, a movement that sought to unify the Italian peninsula into a single nation-state, driven by a shared cultural identity and a desire to break free from foreign domination

Otto Van Bismarck (The Enlightenment)

-Prussian leader

-Made wars happen so nationalism would rise which helped unite Germany

-Caused wars between Prussia, and Austria, Denmark, and then France and Prussia

Blood and Iron (The Enlightenment)

-Created by Otto Van Bismark

-Stated that Germany unification can only be done through conquest of military

Cavour (The Enlightenment)

-Wanted to unite Italian Peninsula

-Belived in natural right and constitution

-Adopted radical policy of Giuseppe Mazzini (romantic revolutionist)

Garibaldi (The Enlightenment)

-leader of red shirt military force

-fought for Italian independence

Role of Nationalism in the Balkans (The Enlightenment)

-Nationalism largely increased due to enlightenment principals

-Caused a little war against ottoman

-Russia and Austria aided helping with Independence

Role of Nationalism in the Ottoman (The Enlightenment)

-Made people desire to rebel in the Ottoman

-Inspired movement of Ottoman, movement to modernize

American Declaration of Independence (The Enlightenment)

-Signed July 4, 1776

-Helped express the philosophies behind the colonist fight against the British

-Pursuit of life, liberty, and happiness

French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen (The Enlightenment)

-Statement declaring basic human rights for citizens in France

-King Lou the 16th didn't accept

Bolivar Jamaica Letter (The Enlightenment)

-Goals and concerns of Simon

-Stated that the Spanish would break free of European control

-Needs a strong government

Thomas Jefferson (The Enlightenment)

-One of the founding fathers

-Helped incooperate Lockes ideas about inalienable rights

Causes of American War for Independence (The Enlightenment)

-Spread of enlightenment ideas

-Ideas about providing of free market which helped push back on English mercantilism

- American colonist were growing increasingly independent politically

-There was a large geographical distance between America and England

Outcomes of American War for Independence (The Enlightenment)

-Declaration of independence formed

-War in which the Americas gained support from France and beat the British

-Woman slowly gained more rights

Louis XVI (The Enlightenment)

-Forced to accept new government with Nationalistic Assembly

-Absolute Monarch in France

-Killed by radical group called the Jacobins

Maximillien de Robespierre (The Enlightenment)

-Leader of the Jacobins

-Large portion of reign of terror and ended when he was killed

Napolean Bonaparte (The Enlightenment)

-Declared Emperor of France

-Military leader

Causes of French Revolution (The Enlightenment)

-Idea about liberty, equality, fraternity risings

-Inequalities in the Estates General leading to the formation of the National assembly

-Economic problems

Outcomes of French Revolution (The Enlightenment)

-Deceleration of the Rights of Man

-Abolition of Feudalism

-French Republic was made

-The Reign of Terror

-Napoleon took throne in 1804

Deceleration of the Rights of Women and Female Citizens (The Enlightenment)

-Written by Olympe de Gouge

-Advocated for woman's rights

-became base for feminist movements

Toussaint L'Ouverture (The Enlightenment)

-Involved in the Haitian Revolution

-Well read in Enlightenment ideas

-General

-Helped establish an independent government

Maroons (The Enlightenment)

-Haitian Revolution

-Individuals who already escaped slavery in Haiti

-Helped current slaves in revolution

Causes of Haitian Revolution (The Enlightenment)

-Enslaved individuals getting upset

-Slaves killed and burned masters home

-American and French revolution inspired them

Simon Boliviar (The Enlightenment)

-Involved in Latin American Revolution

-Creole

-Pushed enlightenment ideas

-Promoted independence

-Believed in Free market and no slavery

Grito de Dolores (The Enlightenment)

-Involved in Latin American Revolution

-Priest who gave speech and inspired Mexican independence from Spain

-Led to Mexican independence

Caudillos (The Enlightenment)

-Involved in Latin American Revolutions

-Strong local leaders

-Regional power bases

Tupac Amaru II (The Enlightenment)

-Involved in Latin American Revolution

-Based in Peru

-Inspired future independence

-Influenced Simon Boliviar

Causes of Latin American Revolutions (The Enlightenment)

-opposition of Spanish mercantilism

-creoles wanted more political powers

-Mestizos wanted more money

-desire for independence largely from Creoles

-Jamaica Letter

Outcomes of Latin American Revolutions (The Enlightenment)

-ended slavery

-Constitution of Peru made, only vote if you could read/write Spanish

-Woman received little rights

Abundance of Natural Resources in relation to Industrial Revolution (Industrial Revolution Begins)

-Natural resources are needed to mass produce goods

-Raw natural resources used

Urbanization in relation to the Industrial Revolution (Industrial Revolution Begins)

-As farmers grew food more efficiently and quicker they could support less people

-less workers were needed in fields and more in factories for jobs

Improved agricultural productivity in relation to Industrial Revolution (Industrial Revolution Begins)

-Inventions and tech like the seed drill and crop rotation increased agricultural output drastically

Abundance of rivers and canals in relation to Industrial Revolution (Industrial Revolution Begins)

-Made transport of goods arrive quicker and cheaper due to new tech like steamships

Access to foreign resources in relation to the Industrial Revolution (Industrial Revolution Begins)

-Due to inventions like the Steamship the mother country was able to get resources quicker

Accumulation of capital in relation to Industrial Revolution (Industrial Revolution Begins)

-Allowed Entrepreneurs to create new commercial ventuers

Impact of Industrialization in Russia (Industrialization Spreads)

-Largely advanced in Railroads (Trans Siberian Railroad)

-Advanced in coal, and Iron production

Impact of Industrialization in U.S. (Industrial Revolution Begins)

-Large amounts of immigrants come to U.S. looking for jobs

-Increase in Labor forces

-Became mass producers of cotton, cattle

Impact of Industrialization in Japan (Industrial Revolution Begins)

-Built up military and economy

-Defensive modernization

Watts Steam Engine (Technology of Industrial Age)

-Made by James Watt

-Utilized coal and used water from Rivers to make steam which generated power for factories

Internal Combustion Engine (Technology of Industrial Age)

-Unlike steam engines which were external combustion this was internal and more efficient

-Used coal gasses, and fuels

Bessemer Process with steel (Technology of Industrial Age)

-Created in the second industrial revolution

-Blasting molten metal with air as a means of keeping it from solidifying

-Allowed steel to become powerful industry

Electrification (Technology of Industrial Age)

-Created in second industrial revolution

-Developed an effective electrical generator

-Electricity was used for street lights, and trains

petroleum (Technology of Industrial Age)

-Created in second industrial revolution

-Oil derived from plant and oil remains

-Key element is Kerosene which was used for stoves

interchangeable parts (Technology of Industrial Age)

-Created in second industrial revolution

-Created by Eli Whitney

-Used for firearms

-Used also for water frame, and the spinning jenny

Canal systems (Technology of Industrial Age)

-cost efficient way of moving materials

Steamships (Technology of Industrial Age)

-Can move large amounts of immigrants places

-Brings trains across the water

-Bring goods across the water

Telegraphs (Technology of Industrial Age)

-Allowed for communication over vast areas which was normally done by use of horses

Railroad (Technology of Industrial Age)

-Allowed gods to be transported like coal

-Connected areas of the world

State-Sponsored industrialization in China (Industrialization: Governments role)

-Allowed military and economy to be modernized based off western ideas

-Great Leap Foward:Led by Mao Zedong and the Chinese Communist Party, it aimed to modernize China's agricultural sector using communist economic ideologies. However, it resulted in mass starvation, execution, and economic devastation, making it one of the largest non-wartime mass killings in history

-Deng Xiaoping market-oriented industrialization

State-Sponsored industrialization in Ottoman (Industrialization: Governments role)

-Tanzimat Reforms: Under Muhammad Ali he reformed the military by making it more European, established schools, Islamic newspapers, and educated military officials

-Ali also taxed peasants so they had to give up land

-In Egypt Ali added textile factories and added places to build up a navy

Meji Restoration (Industrialization: Governments role)

-Took place in Japan

-Adopting Western ideologies and ways of government, society, and economy

Meji government changes during the Meji Period (Industrialization: Governments role)

-Established a constitutional monarchy

-Abolished cruel and unusual punishment

-Built new navy

Industrialization during the Meji Period (Industrialization: Governments role)

-Subsided in areas like tea, silk, weaponry, and ship building

-Built rail roads, telegraphs, and infrastructure

-Got rid of feudalism

Imperialism during the Meji Period (Industrialization: Governments role)

-Built modern army and navy

-Expanded more leading to conflicts like Sino-Japanese war

-Promoted nationalism ideologies

Capitalism (Economic Developments and Innovations in the Industrial Age)

-Economic and political system in which private individuals or businesses own and control trade for profit

-Characterized by free market and private ownership

Wealth of Nations (Economic Developments and Innovations in the Industrial Age)

-Made by Adam Smith

-Supports a capitalist POV

-Humans are naturally transactional

Adam Smith (Economic Developments and Innovations in the Industrial Age)

-Wrote Wealth of Nations

-Supported capitalism and private entrepreneurship

Laissez-faire (Economic Developments and Innovations in the Industrial Age)

-Promoted minimal government intervention

-Replaced Mercantilism

-Encouraged countries to increase tariffs

Free Market (Economic Developments and Innovations in the Industrial Age)

-Prices, production, and distributers are determined by supply and demand

-Private ownership

-Government doesn't control economy

3 main goals of labor unions (Reactions to the Industrial Economy)

-Better pay

-Better working hours

-Better conditions

Marxism (Reactions to the Industrial Economy)

-Advocates for classless society

-World shaped by class struggle

-The Bogueses (owners of factories) exploit the proletarian (working class)

Socialism (Reactions to the Industrial Economy)

-Means of production, distribution, and exchange of goods are owned by the community

-Emphasizes collective ownership, economic equality, and government intervention

Communist Manifesto (Reactions to the Industrial Economy)

-Critiqued Capitalism

-Stated that Capitalism had positive and negative aspects

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels (Reactions to the Industrial Economy)

-Wrote the Communist Manifesto

Proletariat (Reactions to the Industrial Economy)

-Working class

-Worked in factories

-Little pay

Bourgeoise (Reactions to the Industrial Economy)

-Middles class

-Owned the factory/machinery

"Communism" (Reactions to the Industrial Economy)

-Class distinctions would end

-Final stage of development

Industrial age effect on family structure (Society and the Industrial Age)

-Families were crowded into tenements

-Families were often spread out if they couldn't afford a place to stay

-Families were working larger wadges

Industrial age effect on gender roles (Society and the Industrial Age)

-Woman had to leave their homes and work in the labor force because they couldn't operate machinery at home

-Woman were payed half of what men were

Industrial age effect on development of middle class (Society and the Industrial Age)

-Working conditions improved

-Had increased access to kids, housing, and culture

-People went from rural areas to city's

-White collars

-Held job like managers

Child labor (Society and the Industrial Age)

Description:

-Children were sent to work in textile factories

-Used to get into small spaces in mines or repair something

Government reaction:

-Child labor made illegal

Living Conditions (Society and the Industrial Age)

Description:

-Families often squished into one apartment

-Families often lived in slums

-Large amounts of polluted water

-Disease spread

Government response:

-Fire and crime departments made

-Public acts passed to implement sanitations

Working Conditions (Society and the Industrial Age)

Description:

-Very poor

-Not large amounts of precautions

-Death was common

Government response:

-Coal mining was illegal

-Made standards for working conditions

-Limited number of hours you can work

New Imperialism (Rationales for Imperialism)

-Period of colonial expansion by the Europeans, U.S., and Japan

-Characterized by exploitation, direct political control and forced religious conversion

White Man's Burden (Rationales for Imperialism)

-Poem reflecting motives behind colonialism

-Duty to civilize lesser nations

-Used to justify imperialism

-Concerned to be racist

Social Darwinism (Rationales for Imperialism)

-Survival of the fittest

-Used to show superiority of whites

-Encooperated theory of natural selection

Christianization (Rationales for Imperialism)

-Felt it was their job to spread culture

-Wanted to assimilate their culture

-Used missionaries

Economic Exploitation (Rationales for Imperialism)

-Need for natural recourses for machinery

-Need for workers

-Cheap labor

-Raw materials like wheat, cotton, jute, vegetable oils and rubber

How did the possession of Hong Kong affect the East India Company (State Expansion)

-Treaty of Nanking: Gave British Hong Kong

-British East India company lost monopoly on trade

-Expansion of British due to control of Hong Kong

Causes of Sepoy Mutiny (State Expansion)

-Indian officials (sepoys) were upset about racial prejudice and unequal pay

-Cartridge controversy

-Religious and social reforms

Outcomes of Sepoy Mutiny (State Expansion)

-The British East India company no longer controlled India, Britian took control

-India became British colony

-Harsh consequences for the rebellors

-Rise of Indian Nationalism

Define Scramble for Africa (State Expansion)

-Competition between nations for Africa

-Fought for natural recourses

Outcomes of Berlin Conference (State Expansion)

-Meeting of European powers to provide for the orderly colonization of Africa

-Set colonial boundaries and that caused rival colonies to be forced together

Ethiopian Independence (State Expansion)

-Was an unclaimed nation by the European nations

-Was attempted to be taken by the Italians but they failed

Britian in West Africa (State Expansion)

-Large amounts off Europeans slowly moved there

-British spread education, Christianity and the English language

-Sierra Leone: place for enslaved individuals

-Democracy and warfare introduced

Belgium in the Congo (State Expansion)

-King Leopold oversaw the invasion and pacification of the Congo

-Uses colonial officials to rule over indigenous people

-Used economic exploitation system

-Harsh working conditions for natural recourses like rubber

France in West Africa (State Expansion)

-Seized Algeria in 1830 saying they wanted to protect against pirates

-Started off very restrictive because Africans because Africans only allowed trading post

-Settler colony