CHINESE ARCHITECTURE (PART 2)

It refers to a style of architecture that has taken shape in East Asia over many centuries.

Chinese architecture

In architectural overview of a plan, the most important is the emphasis on the_______, in particular the construction of a heavy platform and a large roof that floats over this base, with the vertical walls not as well emphasized.

horizontal axis

In architectural overview of an elevation, this contrasts Western architecture, which tends to grow in height and depth. Chinese architecture stresses the visual impact of the ________.

width of the buildings

The halls and palaces in the _______, for example, have rather low ceilings when compared to equivalent stately buildings in the West, but their external appearances suggest the all-embracing nature of imperial China.

Forbidden City

In architectural overview of character, emphasis on __________, which connotes a sense of grandeur; this applies to everything from palaces to farmhouses. A notable exception is in the design of gardens, which tends to be as asymmetrical as possible.

articulation and symmetry,

In architectural overview of character, the principle underlying the ________ is to create enduring flow and also to emulate nature.

garden's composition

one of the finest gardens in China.

ZHUOZHENG GARDEN

In architectural overview of material, Chinese buildings may be built with either ______ bricks, but wooden structures are the most common; these are more capable of withstanding earthquakes, but are vulnerable to fire.

red or gray

In architectural overview of a roof, the roof of a typical Chinese building is ____; there are strict classifications of gable or hip types, comparable with the classical orders of European

curved

In architectural overview of colour, the use of _____, _____, _______________ in traditional Chinese architecture reflected the belief in a type of immanence, where the nature of a thing could be wholly contained in its own form, without reference to an evanescent belief.

certain colors, numbers and the cardinal direction

The history of the Chinese pagoda actually begins in______ with the death of the Buddha in the 5th century BCE.

ancient India

At this time, _____ were beginning construction to house the holy artefacts of the Buddha's body.

stupas

a new Chinese character was created, ___, which means Buddhist tower or pagoda.

ta

The ___________, the first pagoda appeared in China in 68 CE and was built by Emperor Ming to spread the Buddha's teachings.

Pagoda at White Horse Temple

The ________ literally Six Harmonies Pagoda of Hangzhou, China, built in 1165 AD during the Song Dynasty.

LIUHE PAGODA

The ________, built in 652 during the Tang Dynasty.

Giant Wild Goose Pagoda

A typical pagoda has four (4) major architectural components:

underground palace, base, body, steeple

In keeping with traditional Chinese method of burial, an ________ was built first to enshrine the holy relics and any other precious items.

underground palace

In the design components of pagoda, the next component, _____, was originally a simple, relatively low element that served to support the structure of the pagoda.

the base

In the design components of pagoda, the _________ was built in many different styles and materials.

body of the pagoda

It means any building of two or more floors with a horizontal main ridge

Lou

It is an elevated terrace with a flat top. Generally built of cement, stone and surfaced with brick, and used as an open side gallery from where one can have a scenic view

Tai

____ were made either of wood, stone or bamboo. These were built in any shape such as hexagon, square, triangle, octagon etc. All pavilions had columns but did not have any walls.

Ting

___ same as Lou means building of two or more storeys.

Ge

Chinese pagoda called?

Ta

Domed or coffered ceiling

Zaojing

Verandas with windows

Xuan

Pavilions or houses on terraces

Xie

Rooms along roofed corridors

Wu

Interlocking wooden brackets, used in clusters to support roofs

dougong

In contrast to the buildings, _____ are a notable exception which tends to be asymmetrical. The principle underlying the garden's composition is to create enduring flow.

Chinese gardens

These enclosed spaces come in two forms: the _________ and _______.

open courtyard (院) and the "sky well" (天井).

In enclosure, a common feature in many types of Chinese architectures.

The use of open courtyards

In enclosure, this is best exemplified in the _______________, which consists of an empty space surrounded by buildings connected with one another either directly or through verandas.

Siheyuan (Chinese house compound

These are typically open and facing the south to allow the maximum exposure of the building windows and walls to the sun while keeping the cold northern winds out.

Northern courtyards

These are relatively small and serves to collect rain water from the roof tops while restricting the amount of sunlight that enters the building.

Southern sky wells

The projected hierarchy and importance and uses of buildings in traditional Chinese architecture are based on the ____________ in a property or complex.

strict placement of buildings

Horizontal emphasis of couruse ______, which are and limited to religious building complexes

does not apply to pagodas

Chinese architecture from early times used concepts from Chinese cosmology such as ________

feng (wind) shui (water)

____ to face the main entrance of the house, which stems from the belief that evil things travel on straight lines.

Screen walls

Three anthropomorphic figures representing _________________ stars are prominently displayed, sometimes with the proclamation "the threes star are present" (三星在 sān-xīng-zài)

Fu Lu Shou (福祿壽 fú-lù-shòu)

____ work of tie beams and cross beams, from Li Jie's building manual Yingzao Fashi, printed in 1103.

Mortise and tenon

Use of large ____________ for primary support of the roof of a building.

structural timbers

These are typically constructed with joinery and doweling alone, seldom with the use of glue or nails.

Timber frames

In construction, using ________ of columns in a building structure to produce odd numbers of bays (間).

even numbers

The common use of _________ to delineate rooms or enclose a building, with the general de-emphasis of load-bearing walls in most higher class construction.

curtain walls or door panels

Flat roofs are uncommon while _______ are almost omnipresent in traditional Chinese architecture.

gabled roofs

The roof apex of a large hall is usually topped with a __________ for both decorative purposes but also to weight down the layers of roofing tiles for stability.

ridge of tile

Unlike other building construction materials, ________ often do not survive because they are more vulnerable to weathering and fires and are naturally subjected to rotting over time.

old wooden structures

Built in 523 is the oldest extant pagoda in China; its use of brick instead of wood had much to do with its endurance throughout the centuries.

SONGYUE PAGODA

The earliest walls and platforms in China were of rammed earth construction, and over time, brick and stone became more frequently used. This can be seen in ancient sections of the _________, while the brick and stone seen today is a renovation of the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644).

GREAT WALL OF CHINA