Studied by 50 PeopleWhat is Psychology
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What is Psychology
the scientific study of behavior and mental processes
scientific
a set of questions, observations, hypotheses, studies, findings, and analysis
behavior
external actions that are observable
mental processes
internal processes (dreams, emotions, thoughts, and beliefs)
Who found structuralism
Wilhelm Wundt - Father of psych
what is structuralism?
early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the elemental structure of the human mind
what is introspection
looking inward - based on self-reflection and self-reporting
why did structuralism fall out of favor
-required highly knowledgeable and verbally articulate people -can't be directly observed -unreliable -not credible
who is the founder of functionalism:
William James - father of American Psych - wrote principles of Psychology - Known for theory of Emotion
what is functionalism
a school of psychology that focused on how mental and behavioral processes function and enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish
key points of functionalism
-formed as a response to structuralism -seeks to explain the mental processes in a more systematic and accurate manner -focuses on the purpose of consciousness and behavior -claimed that all behaviors and mental processes have evolved due to adaptation
who is Dorthea dix
advocate for mentally-ill pushed for treatment instead of imprisonment laid the foundation to remove the stigma of mental illness in the U.S.
who is Maru Whiton Calkins
-first woman to pursue PhD in Psychology -completed her dissertation in 1896, but Harvard refused to give a degree -APA's first female president
Margaret Floy Washburn
-first woman to earn PhD in psych -known for her work on animal behavior as well as theory on consciousness
who is Charles Darwin
-developed theories of evolution and natural selection
who is G. Stanley Hall
-established first psychology research lab in US
first president of APA -first PhD in psych
Biopsychosocial Approach
integrated view of the mind and behaviors that incorporates various levels of analysis and perspectives, and offers a more complete picture, includes biological, psychological, and socio-cultural influences
psychological influence
learned fears and other learned expectations emotional responses cognitive and perceptual interpretations attention to pain learning on past expectations expectations of pain
biological influences
genetic predispositions genetic mutations natural selection of adaptive psychology & behaviors genetic differences in endorphin production activity in spinal cord
sociocultural influences
presence of others cultural, societal, and family expectations peer and other group influences presence of others the empathy of other's pain cultural influences
biological contemporary psychology perspective
how the principles of biology can be applied to studying mental processes and behavior
evolutionary contemporary psychology perspective
how the natural selection of traits influences behavior and mental processes
behavioral genetics contemporary psychology perspective
how the interaction of genes and the environment influence behavior and mental processes
psychodynamic contemporary psychology perspective
how unconscious drives and conflicts behavior and mental processes
humanistic contemporary psychology perspective
how the journey for self-fulfillment and well-being influencesbehavior and mental processes
behavioral contemporary psychology perspective
how interactions with the environment produce learned responses
cognitive contemporary psychology perspective
how memories, concepts, and interpretations influence behavior, and cognitive processes
sociocultural contemporary psychology perspective
how do other people, cultures, and societies influence behavior and mental processes
basic research
pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base
applied research
scientific study that aims to solve problems
psychiatrist
MD in medicine 7+ years in medical school, residency, + more training may council patients CAN prescribe medicine
psychologist
PSyD or PhD in psych 5-7 years in school 2 year internship may council patients CAN'T prescribe medicine
DSM
Diagnostic and Statistical Manuel of Mental Disorders
who was the DSM published by
American Psychiatrist Association
what does DSM provide
common language and standard criteria
what does legal mean
a legal term not psychological or clinical term
overconfidence
the tendency to over estimate our abilities including knowledge
hindsight bias
the tendency to believe you were close after knowing outcome
Scientific Method
Theories Hypothesis Research and Observations
Theories
An explanation that organises data and predicts observations
Hypothesis
a testable prediction often implied by a theory
replication
repeating study to see if the basic findings extends to other participants and circumstances
falsifiable
a hypothesis can be falsifiable if it's possible to conceive of an observation or an argument which could negate the hypothesis
case study
an observation technique in which one person is studied to reveal universal principles
pros to case study
insight to specific cases that could possibly not be studied due to ethical reasons
cons of a case study
hard to generalize to large populations and some events can't be replicated due to ethics
prospective case study
individual or group of people is observed in order to determine outcomes
retrospective case study
looking at historical information
survey
a technique for asserting the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of people, usually by questioning a representative - a random sample Must have a representative and random sampling from he population for generalization to be possible