Bio 181 exam 3

Ecosystems

Species richness

Amount of different species

species abundance

(Aka evenness) the amount of organisms in each species

What are the bio geographic factors

• location and size

• Equilateral polar gradient

• Evapotranspiration

• Area effects

dominate species 

the most abundant species 

Keystone species

The most influential species

foundation species

A species that changes the environment that allows other animals to inhabit

Disturbance

An event that changes a community, removes organisms from it, and alters resource availability.

Intermediate disturbance hypothesis

Moderate disturbance can make opportunities for greater species diversity

Primary succession

begins in an almost lifeless area where soil has been removed by volcanic eruptions, glaciers, floods, or landslides.

Secondary succession 

When a disturbance removes some or all of the organisms but leaves the soil intact,

Facilitation succession stage

Happens in the early stages

Tolerance

Doesn’t hinder or promote succession

inhibition

Prevents other organisms from succeeding

stages of succession

• facilitation

• Tolerance  

• Inhibition 

Ecosystem

A system of communities with their chemical and physical environments

Energy flow 

type transformation of energy from autotrophs to heterotrophs 

autotrophs

Primary producers, producers of energy

heterotrophs

consumers, eats primary producers and other consumers

decomposers

transfer chemical elements back in to the soil air, and water from dead matter

detritivores

Eat detritus(dead organic matter)

levels of a food chain/wed

1. Primary producer

2. Primary consumer

3. Secondary consumer 

4. Tertiary consumer 

5. Quanernary consumer  

Gross primary production GPP

Amount of light energy converted to energy by photosynthesis over a period of time

net primary production NPP

GPP subtracted by the amount of energy used by primary producers for cellular respiration 

Net secondary production 

The energy that is passed on to the next trophic level (what energy goes into making new biomass)

Production efficiency

=net secondary production / assimilation of primary production

Energetic hypothesis

energy is limited by the inefficiencies of energy transfer in a food chain

10% rule

Production efficiency formula

=net secondary production/assimilation of primary production

Types of controls

top down: changes in upper trophic levels

Bottom down: minerals, nutrients, temperature, light

limitations on aquatic Ecosystems

Nutrients , light (p,n,fe)

How would you do an experiment to know which nutrient is a limiting factor in an aquatic ecosystem ?

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Eutrophication

The contamination of water with artificial fertilizer containing p or k that creates agal blooms 

Limiting factors in terrestrial ecosystems 

Water and temp

evapotranspiration

The amount of water transpired by plants into the ecosystem

Monophyletic clade

Includes all of its ancestors and descendants

Taxonomic groups

• domain

• Kingdom 

• Phylum (sub phylum)

• Class 

• Order 

• Family 

• Genus 

• Species 

paraphyletic clade

Common ancestor but not all its decendants

polyphyletic

grouped by common morphological characteristics but not a common ancestor

systematics

Using an anylitical approach to understand extant and extinct organisms

clade

A group that includes all species that evolved from a common ancestor

cladogenisis

when species a evolves into species a and b

anegenisis

Species a evolved into species b (no more a)

Shared characteristics

Derived: traits shared with a common ancestor

Primitive: traits shared in a group of organisms but not with a shared ancestor

in group

the group that all species are related to

out group

the group that is most closely related to the common ancestor but not other organisms

mitosis 

Divides somatic (normal) cells 

Meiosis

Divides sells to create gametes

diploid

2 sets of chromosomes

Haploid  

one set of chromosomes 

what are non-amnitodes and amnitodes

non-amnitodes: fish and amphibians 

Amnitodes: reptiles and mammals 

Homeotherms 

Stable/constant body temp

Heterotherm

fluctuating body temperature

Skull types

anapsid: no post eye openings

Synapsid: one post eye opening 

Diapsid: 2 post eye openings 

Eukarya (Protista and fungi) traits

• divided into organelles with linear DNA and a true nuclei 

• Moves by cilia, flagella, and pseudodia 

• Most diverse of the eukaryotes 

• Can inject and absorb food 

• Can be parasitic 

• Only a cell membrane (besides yeast who have a wall) 

Prokaryote(bacteria and archaea) traits

• Small

• No organizers or true nuclei and circular DNA

• Don’t cause human disease

• Are taxis (only move front and back)

• Has special cell membranes for cellular respiration

• Cell wall and membrane

• Absorbs food

chytrids 

• live in fresh water

  • important to herbivores b/c they digest cellulose

  • Zoospores sold spores

zygomycotota

• soil dweller 

• Decomposes, parasite and mutualism 

• Mychrorrizal association

Glomeromycota 

form 90% of plant mychrorrizal associatoins

Ascomycota (sac fungi)

• terrestrial and aquatic

• 70% of all fungi

• Asci sacs hold spores

• Yeast, penicillin, truffles, morels

• Some are mycrorrizal

• Forms lichens

• Causes disease

Basidiomycota (club fungi)

• Typical mushroom, slime mold and rust

• Basidial cells where they produce spores

• Form mycrorrizal connections

• Form lichen

• Mutualistic relationships with insects