Comparative Anatomy Midterm 3

Suck a dick

Axial Skeleton

Vertebral Column + Notochord

Appendicular Skeleton

Limbs + Girdle

Vertebral Column

Repeats of cartilage or bony elements called vertebrae that protect spinal chord

Somitogenesis

Development of vertebrae, ribs and skeletal muscle

Bony Fish Precaudal Ribs

Not connected arch forms not true ribs

Bony Fish Caudal ribs

Connected spine

Aspidospondyl

Vertebrae of rhipidistians in 3 parts

Neural Spine

Arch that protects dorsal aorta and spinal chord

Centrum

Body of the vertebrae fusion of inter and pleurocentrum

Holospondyl

Tetrapod condition fusion of all 3 parts

Acoelous Shape

All mammals with nucleus pulposus, good for compression of spine

Amphicoelous

All fish, vertebrae have space for notochord, allows for flexibility

Procoelous + Ophisthocoelous

Reptilia, ball and socket joints allow for smoother movement

Heterocoelous

Necks of birds, allows for lateral rotation

Intervertebral Ligament

Joins rims of adjacent centra, controls stiffness of vertebral column during flexion

Apophyses

Additional connection points on vertebrae

Flexion

Bending of a limb or joint

Diapophyses

Dorsal apophyses that articulate with ribs

Parapophyses

Ventral apophyses that articulate with ribs

Basapophyses

Not true ribs, found in fish precaudal ribs

Transverse apophyses

Across body, lumbar attachment, seen in lissamphibia

Zygapophyses

Anti-twisting processes between vertabrae

Pleurapophyses

Rib remnant in cervical and lumbar vertabrae

True Rib

Connected with sternum

Tuberculum

Upper head of rib, connects with diapophyses

Capitulum

Lower head of rib, connects with parapophyses

Floating Rib

Connects with nothing

False Rib

Connected to rib in front

First part of sternum

Manubrium

Second part of sternum

Sternal Body

Third part of sternum

Xyphoid process

Gastralia

Abdominal ribs that protect abdominal cavity

How many regions in fish?

2

How many regions in amniotes?

5

Atlas Vertabrae

Holds head up(atlas titan)

Axis Vertabrae

Rotate head left + right

Synarcual Fusion

Diving animals, fusion of cervical vertabrae

Notarium

In birds, Fused thoracic vertebrae of birds

Pygostyle

Fused caudal vertebrae of birds

Sacrum

In mammals, fused vertebrae between pelvis

Glenoid Fossa

Socket that fits head of humerus

Acetabulum

Depression that fits the femur

Greater Trochanter

Head of femur

Iliac Crest

Attaches glutes

Wing of ilium

Abdominal muscles attach

Ischium

Butt bones

Pubis

Anterior part of pelvis

Fish regionalization

Precaudal + Caudal

Amphibian Regionalization

Cervical, Thoracic, Sacral, and Urostylic Caudal vertebrae

Reptilian Regionalization

Cervical, Long Thoracic, Caudal

Aves Regionalization

Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar and Sacrum fused into Synsacrum, Caudal vertebrae fused into pygostyle

Mammal Regionalization

Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral, and Caudal

Cervical vertebrae

Top of neck

Thoracic Vertebrae

Ribs attached

Lumbar Vertabrae

Lower back

Sacral Vertebrae

Fused vertebrae within pelvis

Caudal Vertebrae

Tail region