Ch 1 Summary

anatomy

study of structures of the body

systemic anatomy

study of body by organ systems

regional anatomy

study of the body by areas

surface anatomy

uses superficial structues to locate deeper structures

anatomical imaging

noninvasive method for examining deep structures

physiology

study of processes and functions of body

what are the six levels of human body

chemical, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, and organism

what are the eleven organ systems

integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive

what are the characteristics of life

organization, metabolism, responsiveness, growth, development, reproduction

homeostasis

condition in which body functions, fluids, and other factor of internal environment are maintained within range of values suitable to support life

what are the two types of feedback loops

negative and positive

what are the three components in a feedback loop

receptor, control center, effector

negative feedback mechanisms

homeostasis

positive feedback mechanisms

make deviations from normal even greater

anatomical posistion

human standing erect with face forward, arms to side, palms forward

supine

face-upward position

prone

face-downward position

directional terms

refer to anatomical position regardless of body’s actual position

right

towards body’s right side

left

toward the body’s left side

inferior

below

superior

above

anterior

toward front of body

posterior

toward back of body

dorsal

toward back (mostly used when referring to animals)

ventral

towards belly (used when referred to animals)

proximal

closer to point of attachment

distal

farther from point of attachment

lateral

away from midline of body

medial

toward middle or midline of body

superficial

toward or on surface

deep

away from surface

parts that body is divided into

head, neck, trunk, upper limbs, lower limbs

parts that abdomen is divided into

right upper, right lower, left upper, left lower