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Erikson's theory describes this type of development
psychosocial
Piaget's theory describes this type of development
cognitive
What is the most common cause of death and disability in children?
injury
What type of unintentional injury is the leading cause of death?
motor vehicle accidents
how does the Piaget's stage of infants predispose them to injuries
they are in the sensorimotor stage, which pushes them to explore their environment through taste and touch
define transductive reasoning
A very simple, and often inaccurate, way of determining cause and effect, usually by imagining a causal relationship between two things that happen close to each other in time. Most characteristic of preschoolers
how does the Piaget's stage of adolescents predispose them to injuries
they are only just beginning to learn how to understand abstract concepts, so they have a lot of idealism, but not much by the way of experience
how does the anatomy of young children make them particularly prone to injury?
large head, weaker musculoskeletal system, relatively large abdominal organs, small and light body overall
there are other reasons, but these are some of the most important
the two primary directional trends of growth and development
cephalocaudal and proximodistal
identify the ages when birth weight doubles, triples, and quadruples
birth weight doubles at 5-6 months old (the book says 4-7), triples by 1 year old, quadruples at 2-2.5 years old
double the child's height at this age to estimate full adult height
2 years old
lymphoid tissue reaches its largest size at this age
10-12 years old - basically, around puberty
how does fever affect basal metabolic rate?
fever increases basal metabolic rate
around what age do children first begin to sleep through the night?
late infancy
identify a way to use temperament theory
to assess the degree of fit between the temperaments between the parent and child, which may place both at risk for stress
according to Freud, infants prefer to receive gratification from this type of sensation
oral
according to Freud, for a toddler, what particular event has the potential to have a lasting effect on the child's personality?
toilet training
give an example of a question that a nurse may ask a child that offers the child a choice they don't really have
"can I take your vital signs?"
"can you go back to your room?"
"will you take your medication?"
what is the favorable outcome of toddlerhood, according to Erikson?
autonomy, self-control, willpower
in what stage do children develop a conscience, according to Erikson?
in the initiative vs. guilt stage
feelings of inadequacy and inferiority are most relevant in which Erikson's stage?
industry vs. inferiority
define object permanence
the awareness that things continue to exist even when not actively perceived
define egocentrism
inability to put oneself in the place of another
define conservation, according to Piaget
the understanding that physical factors remain the same, even if the appearance changes
moral development is described by this theory
Kohlberg's theory of moral development
give an example of social-affective play
infants take pleasure in evoking reactions from others
give an example of sense-pleasure play
playing with different raw materials like water, sand, and food
dramatic play is the predominant form of play for this age group
preschoolers
give an example of associate play
two children playing with dolls, playing house
describe the functions of play, beyond simply keeping children happy and entertained
sensorimotor development
intellectual development
socialization
creativity
self-awareness
therapy
morality
What are some factors which increase the risk of injury to toddlers?
lack of awareness of dangers, curiosity, wanting to use new motor skills but still not great at using them, being top heavy
What are some ways to childproof a home?
Remove guns from the home, don't let cords or cloths hang to the floor from tables, not leaving the child around any amount of liquid unsupervised, etc.
What are the 2 most common foods that children aspirate on?
hot dogs and round candies
What age group is at the highest risk for foreign body aspiration?
Toddlers
give an example of parallel play
children play besides, but not with, one another, as when two children are both coloring with crayons next to one another
Describe cooperative play:
Organized play in a group with other children, such as formal games, or dramatized situations
A little girl learns how to undo buttons, and proceeds to go around the house to undo every button she sees. This is an example of:
skill play
give an example of unoccupied behavior
a child daydreams and walks around aimlessly
Infants are in the sensorimotor stage, and this places them at increased risk of injuries because:
they want to explore their environment through taste and touch
Toddlers and preschoolers are in the preoperational stage, and this places them at increased risk of injuries because:
they can only use transductive reasoning, so they don't always learn from their experiences
Adolescents are in the formal operational stage, and this places them at increased risk of injuries because:
they are preoccupied with abstract thinking and idealistic
