meds

What do beta-blockers primarily block the effects of?

Epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine.

What is a primary mechanism of beta-blockers?

They reduce heart rate, myocardial contractility, and conduction velocity.

Name an example of a beta-blocker.

Metoprolol.

What condition do beta-blockers help treat?

Hypertension.

What do calcium channel blockers block?

The entry of calcium into cardiac muscle cells and smooth muscle cells.

What is one effect of calcium channel blockers?

Vasodilation.

Name an example of a calcium channel blocker.

Amlodipine.

What do ACE inhibitors block the conversion of?

Angiotensin I to angiotensin II.

Name an example of an ACE inhibitor.

Lisinopril.

What is a common use for both ACE inhibitors and ARBs?

Hypertension.

What do vasopressors primarily cause?

Vasoconstriction.

In what condition are vasopressors often used for treatment?

Severe bradycardia.

Name an example of a vasopressor.

Epinephrine.

What do anticoagulants interfere with?

Different steps in the coagulation cascade.

Name an example of an anticoagulant.

Warfarin.

What is the primary use for antiplatelet medications?

Prevent platelets from clumping together to form a clot.

Name an example of an antiplatelet medication.

Aspirin.

What are thrombolytics also known as?

Clot busters.

What mechanism do thrombolytics utilize?

Activate plasminogen to form plasmin.

Name an example of a thrombolytic.

Alteplase.

What do statins inhibit to lower cholesterol?

HMG-CoA reductase.

Name an example of a statin.

Atorvastatin.

What is the primary use of lipid-lowering agents like statins?

Hypercholesterolemia.

What do antiarrhythmics restore?

Normal heart rhythm.

What is an example of an antiarrhythmic medication?

Amiodarone.

What type of medication is atropine?

Anticholinergic medication.

What does atropine inhibit to increase heart rate?

The action of acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors.

What condition is atropine commonly used to treat?

Symptomatic bradycardia.

What is the mechanism by which iron supplements treat anemia?

They treat iron-deficiency anemia, crucial for hemoglobin synthesis.

Name a supplement used for anemia.

Ferrous sulfate.

What is hydroxyurea primarily used for?

Sickle cell disease.

How does hydroxyurea help in sickle cell disease?

Increases production of fetal hemoglobin (HbF).

What is the mechanism of action of clotting factors in hemophilia?

Replace the missing or deficient clotting factor.

Name an example of a clotting factor used in hemophilia treatment.

Recombinant Factor VIII.

What is the primary use of nitrates like nitroglycerin?

Angina pectoris.

What mechanism causes the effects of nitrates?

Release nitric oxide in vascular smooth muscle.

Name an example of a nitrate medication.

Nitroglycerin.